Description: This is an aerial view of damage caused to the town of Xenia, Ohio, after a tornado struck on April 4, 1974. The Xenia tornado was part of a tornado super-outbreak that occurred across the country from April 3-4. The Xenia tornado killed 32 people, and destroyed half the buildings in the city and 300 homes. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03880
Subjects: Tornado damage; Natural disasters--United States; Tornadoes--Ohio--Xenia; Aerial views
Places: Xenia (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
 

Description: This is an aerial view of Procter and Gamble's Ivorydale plant in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Procter and Gamble Company Plant, located on Spring Grove Avenue between Mill Creek and Township Avenue, in the Cincinnati suburb of St. Bernard, originally covered 11 acres in a section called Ivorydale. It was and still is, one of the largest soap manufacturing plants in the world. The original plant dates from about 1885, when P&G expanded operations from their downtown location. The giant complex would eventually cover 243 acres with 120 buildings, including the 43 acre food plant built in 1911. During the 1930s, the buildings was described as being a maze of utilitarian gray stone buildings, interspersed with hugged outdoor retorts and tanks, smokestacks and railroad tracks. The campus includes its own fire station, dining rooms and recreational facilities. William Procter, a candlemaker, and James Gamble, a soapmaker, formed the company known as Procter & Gamble in 1837. The two men, immigrants from England and Ireland respectively, had settled earlier in Cincinnati and had married sisters. The two men decided to pool their resources to form their own company, formalizing the relationship on October 31, 1837. The company prospered during the nineteenth century. In 1859, sales reached one million dollars. By this point, approximately eighty employees worked for Procter & Gamble. During the Civil War, the company won contracts to supply the Union army with soap and candles. In addition to the increased profits experienced during the war, the military contracts introduced soldiers from all over the country to Procter & Gambles products. Once the war was over and the men returned home, they continued to purchase the company's products. In the 1880s, Procter & Gamble began to market a new product, an inexpensive, yet high quality, soap. The company called the soap "Ivory." In the decades that followed, Procter & Gamble continued to grow and evolve. The company became known for its progressive work environment in the late nineteenth century. William Cooper Procter, William Procter's grandson, established a profit-sharing program for the company's workforce in 1887. He hoped that by giving the workers a stake in the company, they would be less inclined to go on strike. Over time, the company began to focus most of its attention on soap, producing more than thirty different types by the 1890s. As electricity became more and more common, there was less need for the candles that Procter & Gamble had made since its inception. Ultimately, the company chose to stop manufacturing candles in 1920. In the early twentieth century, Procter & Gamble continued to grow. The company began to build factories in other locations in the United States, because the demand for products had outgrown the capacity of the Cincinnati facilities. The company's leaders began to diversify its products as well and, in 1911, began producing Crisco, a shortening made of vegetable oils rather than animal fats. In the early 1900s, Procter & Gamble also became known for its research laboratories, where scientists worked to create new products. Company leadership also pioneered in the area of market research, investigating consumer needs and product appeal. As radio became more popular in the 1920s and 1930s, the company sponsored a number of radio programs. As a result, these shows often became commonly known as "soap operas." Throughout the twentieth century, Procter & Gamble continued to prosper. The company moved into other countries, both in terms of manufacturing and product sales, becoming an international corporation. In addition, numerous new products and brand names were introduced over time, and Procter & Gamble began branching out into new areas. The company introduced "Tide" laundry detergent in 1946 and "Prell" shampoo in 1950. In 1955, Procter & Gamble began selling the first toothpaste to contain fluoride, known as "Crest". Branching out once again in 1957, the company purchased Charmin Paper Mills and began manufacturing toilet paper and other paper products. Once again focusing on laundry, Procter & Gamble began making "Downy" fabric softener in 1960 and "Bounce" fabric softener sheets. One of the most revolutionary products to come out on the market was the company's "Pampers", first test-marketed in 1961. Prior to this point, there were no disposable diapers. Babies always wore cloth diapers, which were leaky and labor intensive to wash. Pampers simplified the diapering process. Over the second half of the twentieth century, Procter & Gamble acquired a number of other companies that diversified its product line and increased profits significantly. These acquisitions included Folgers Coffee, Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals, Richardson-Vicks, Noxell, Shultons Old Spice, Max Factor, and the Iams Company, among others. In 1996, Procter & Gamble made headlines when the Food and Drug Administration approved a new product developed by the company, Olestra. Olestra, also known by its brand name Olean, is a substitute for fat in cooking potato chips and other snacks. Procter & Gamble has expanded dramatically throughout its history, but its headquarters still remain in Cincinnati. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B07F08_009_1
Subjects: Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Cincinnati (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.; Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Assembly lines; Soap factories; Procter & Gamble Company; Cincinnati (Ohio)--Aerial views
Places: Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph shows an aerial view of Wilberforce University in Wilberforce, Ohio. This school was the nation's oldest private historically African American institution of higher education. Founded in 1856 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, Wilberforce was established near Xenia, Ohio, to provide African American access to a college education. Its founders named the institution after William Wilberforce, a prominent eighteenth-century abolitionist. A number of African-American Ohioans attended the school during its early years. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06823
Subjects: African Americans--Ohio; Wilberforce University; Universities and colleges--Pictorial works; Aerial views
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
 

Description: The is an aerial view of the Ohio State Penitentiary. The Penitentiary was built in 1834 and was in use until 1963. The site was used for the capital punishment in Ohio, first by hanging and from 1897 to 1963 by electrocution. In 1955 a total of 5,235 prisoners were held there. The site was sold to the City of Columbus in 1995. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07605
Subjects: Ohio History; Ohio Penitentiary (Columbus, Ohio); Prisons--Ohio; Aerial views
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: This aerial view of the Ohio Statehouse was taken looking southeast from the American Insurance Union building (now the LeVeque Tower) on West Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio, 1935. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03260
Subjects: Architecture--Ohio--Columbus--History--20th century; Columbus (Ohio)--Politics and government--20th century; Ohio State House (Columbus, Ohio); Aerial views
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin (Ohio)
 

Description: Aerial photograph showing Lancaster, Ohio, from the top of Mt. Pleasant. Farmland can be seen in the foreground, and the city lies in the distance. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04752
Subjects: Fairfield County (Ohio); Ohio Economy--Transportation and Development; Aerial views; Farming
Places: Lancaster (Ohio); Fairfield (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph shows an aerial view of Columbus State Hospital, which was located on West Broad Street, Columbus, Ohio. Situated in a large wooded area, the hospital campus consisted of a central facility with many interconnected wings and several outbuildings. The Columbus State Hospital, a facility for the care and treatment of mentally ill people, admitted its first patient in 1877. This facility replaced the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, which the Ohio General Assembly established in 1835. The asylum's board of trustees chose a 64-acre site on East Broad Street in Columbus. Erected primarily by the labor of Ohio Penitentiary convicts, the hospital received its first patients in November 1838. (The Ohio Lunatic Asylum had replaced the Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum at Cincinnati, established in 1821, as the state mental institution.) Built with a capacity for 150 patients, the Ohio Lunatic Asylum soon became overcrowded. Part of the hospital was destroyed by fire in November 1868. In April 1869 the legislature laid plans for a new structure to accommodate 500 patients. The new hospital, built on the "Kirkbride Plan," was under construction from 1870 to 1877. The structure represented the largest single public capital investment by the State of Ohio up to that time, with the exception of the Statehouse. The main building contained over 800 rooms and was said to be the largest building under one roof until the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., was constructed. In 1996, after years of neglect, the Administration Building was demolished. Over the decades, these two facilities operated under various names: Ohio Lunatic Asylum, Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum, Central Ohio Hospital for the Insane, Columbus Hospital for the Insane, and Columbus State Hospital. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05700
Subjects: Columbus State Hospital (Ohio); Ohio History--State and Local Government; Mental illness--Treatment--Ohio; Aerial views; Architecture--Ohio
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Reverse reads: "Ivorydale Plant" Aerial view of the Procter & Gamble Company Plant, located on Spring Grove Avenue between Mill Creek and Township Avenue, in the Cincinnati suburb of St. Bernard, which originally covered 11 acres in a section called Ivorydale. It was, and still is, one of the largest soap manufacturing plants in the world. The original plant dates from about 1885, when P&G expanded operations from their downtown location. The giant complex would eventually cover 243 acres with 120 buildings, including the 43-acre food plant built in 1911. During the 1930s, the complex was described as being a maze of utilitarian gray stone buildings, interspersed with outdoor retorts and tanks, smokestacks and railroad tracks. The campus includes its own fire station, dining rooms and recreational facilities. William Procter, a candlemaker, and James Gamble, a soapmaker, formed the company known as Procter & Gamble in 1837. The two men, immigrants from England and Ireland respectively, had settled earlier in Cincinnati and had married sisters. The two men decided to pool their resources to form their own company, formalizing the relationship on October 31, 1837. The company prospered during the nineteenth century. In 1859, sales reached one million dollars. By this point, approximately eighty employees worked for Procter & Gamble. During the Civil War, the company won contracts to supply the Union army with soap and candles. In addition to the increased profits experienced during the war, the military contracts introduced soldiers from all over the country to Procter & Gamble products. Once the war was over and the men returned home, they continued to purchase the company's products. In the 1880s, Procter & Gamble began to market a new product, an inexpensive, yet high quality, soap. The company called the soap "Ivory." In the decades that followed, Procter & Gamble continued to grow and evolve. The company became known for its progressive work environment in the late nineteenth century. William Cooper Procter, William Procter's grandson, established a profit-sharing program for the company's workforce in 1887. He hoped that by giving the workers a stake in the company, they would be less inclined to go on strike. Over time, the company began to focus most of its attention on soap, producing more than thirty different types by the 1890s. As electricity became more and more common, there was less need for the candles that Procter & Gamble had made since its inception. Ultimately, the company chose to stop manufacturing candles in 1920. In the early twentieth century, Procter & Gamble continued to grow. The company began to build factories in other locations in the United States, because the demand for products had outgrown the capacity of the Cincinnati facilities. The company's leaders began to diversify its products as well and, in 1911, began producing Crisco, a shortening made of vegetable oils rather than animal fats. In the early 1900s, Procter & Gamble also became known for its research laboratories, where scientists worked to create new products. Company leadership also pioneered in the area of market research, investigating consumer needs and product appeal. As radio became more popular in the 1920s and 1930s, the company sponsored a number of radio programs. As a result, these shows often became commonly known as "soap operas." Throughout the twentieth century, Procter & Gamble continued to prosper. The company moved into other countries, both in terms of manufacturing and product sales, becoming an international corporation. In addition, numerous new products and brand names were introduced over time, and Procter & Gamble began branching out into new areas. The company introduced "Tide" laundry detergent in 1946 and "Prell" shampoo in 1950. In 1955, Procter & Gamble began selling the first toothpaste to contain fluoride, known as "Crest." Branching out once again in 1957, the company purchased Charmin Paper Mills and began manufacturing toilet paper and other paper products. Once again focusing on laundry, Procter & Gamble began making "Downy" fabric softener in 1960 and "Bounce" fabric softener sheets. One of the most revolutionary products to come out on the market was the company's "Pampers," first test-marketed in 1961. Prior to this point, there were no disposable diapers. Babies always wore cloth diapers, which were leaky and labor intensive to wash. Pampers simplified the diapering process. Over the second half of the twentieth century, Procter & Gamble acquired a number of other companies that diversified its product line and increased profits significantly. These acquisitions included Folgers Coffee, Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals, Richardson-Vicks, Noxell, Shulton's Old Spice, Max Factor, and the Iams Company, among others. In 1996, Procter & Gamble made headlines when the Food and Drug Administration approved a new product developed by the company, Olestra. Olestra, also known by its brand name Olean, is a substitute for fat in cooking potato chips and other snacks. Procter & Gamble has expanded dramatically throughout its history, but its headquarters still remain in Cincinnati. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B07F08_005_1
Subjects: Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Cincinnati (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.; Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Assembly lines; Soap factories; Procter & Gamble Company; Cincinnati (Ohio)--Aerial views
Places: Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: A 1962 aerial photograph of Lazarus Westland, located at West Broad Street and Georgesville Road. This store location opened on August 16, 1962, and offered parking for 1200 cars. Between 1851 and 1965, the F & R Lazarus Company retail store dominated the trade and physical landscape of Columbus. The company rose from its early years as a men's clothier in a 20 x 40 foot room downtown, to its position by 1965 as a member of the largest department store chain, Federated Department Stores. Lazarus' growth reflects that of the capital city; from small beginnings through a "golden age" of downtown development, and eventually branching out into the surrounding countryside. In 2003, the Lazarus Company was incorporated with Macy's, a member of the Federated Department stores, and is no longer in existence. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04383
Subjects: Columbus (Ohio); Lazarus Department Store; Aerial views; Ohio Economy--Economy--Business
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: This aerial photograph depicts a steel mill surrounded by a geometrically arranged town. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AC2_YHCIL_MSS0140_B01F06_005
Subjects: Aerial views; Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company; Steel industry; Aerial photography--History
 

Description: This aerial photograph depicts a steel mill set along a river. The area around the steel mill is somewhat undeveloped. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AC2_YHCIL_MSS0140_B01F06_004
Subjects: Aerial views; Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company; Steel industry; Aerial photography--History
 

Description: This aerial photograph depicts a steel mill, a small town, and a lot of undeveloped land. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AC2_YHCIL_MSS0140_B01F06_003
Subjects: Aerial views; Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company; Steel industry; Aerial photography--History