Description: This engraving features a sketch of Fort McIntosh, which was established in 1778 near present-day Beaver, Pennsylvania. The log fort is situated on a bluff above the Ohio River, slightly less than a mile below the mouth of the Beaver River. Paths zigzag down the bluff to the river. The fort itself consists of logs placed horizontally; a flag attached to a flagpole is waving high above the palisade. A caption below the drawing reads: “View of Fort McIntosh.” The western wilderness played a major role in American, British, and American Indian strategy during the American Revolution. In May 1778, General George Washington, commander of the Continental Army, ordered Brigadier General Lachlan McIntosh to establish a new fort in the Western Department, one of the regional divisions within the Continental Army. The Western Division included the area that would become the Northwest Territory, including the future state of Ohio. The French engineer who designed the fort, Chevalier DeCambray, named it in honor of its new commander. During the American Revolution, Fort McIntosh had the largest assembly of troops west of the Alleghenies. Originally the fort was intended to be the starting point for an offensive against the British garrison at Detroit and against the Wyandot Indians. At the time, most American Indians residing in the Ohio Country allied themselves with the British. Although they were neutral in the conflicts, the Christian Delaware Indians were among the few natives who were friendly to the Americans. During November 1778, McIntosh decided not to carry out his orders due to the winter months that lay ahead. Rather he decided to wait until the warmer spring months before conducting his attacks. Instead, he ordered the construction of a fort along the Tuscarawas River (Fort Laurens, near modern-day Bolivar, Ohio) to help his men survive the harsh winter weather. Fort Laurens was Ohio’s only Revolutionary War fort. In 1785 Fort McIntosh was the site of meeting where a treaty was signed by representatives of the Continental Congress and by American Indian tribal leaders from the Chippewa, Delaware, Ottawa, and Wyandot. They signed a treaty that surrendered control of American Indian lands in southern and eastern Ohio to the United States government. Most Indians rejected the validity of the treaty, and rather than improving relations, the Treaty of Fort McIntosh only intensified existing tensions between the United States government and the Indian tribes. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06155
Subjects: McIntosh, Lachlan, 1725-1806; Treaties; Fortification--Pennsylvania; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
Places: Beaver (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Shawnee leader Ca-Ta-He-Cas-Sa, or Black Hoof, published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Little is known about Black Hoof's early years. Allied with the French, he was present at the defeat of Edward Braddock during the French and Indian War. He did fight at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and represented the Shawnee at the signing of the Treaty of Greenville. After this, Black Hoof became convinced that the Indians had no hope against the whites except to adopt their customs. Using his influence with the Shawnee, Black Hoof encouraged the Shawnee to adopt the whites' way of living. By 1808, his followers established farms at Wapakoneta. Conflicts between the Shawnee and settlers continued. In 1826, Black Hoof led several hundred Shawnee people to the Kansas territory. After leading his followers to Kansas, Black Hoof returned to Wapakoneta and died there in 1831. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02908
Subjects: American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; Iroquois Confederacy; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington D.C.
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Shawnee leader Qua-Ta-Wa-Pea, commonly referred to as Colonel Lewis, published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Qua-Ta-Wa-Pea, whose name means "The man on the water who sinks and rises again," was born at Pickaway Plains, Ohio. He lived for many years near Wapakoneta, Ohio. McKenney and Hall say in their book that Colonel Lewis' rise to chief was entirely accidental. An American government official mistook Qua-Ta-Wa-Pea for the chief and his tribe followed suit, believing that was the wish of the government. Eventually, Colonel Lewis moved to land west of the Mississippi that was given to the Shawnee by the American government, and there he died in 1826. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02909
Subjects: Shawnee Tribe; American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington D.C.
 

Description: Illustration of the death of Crispus Attucks at the Boston Massacre taken from "The Black Phalanx: A History of the Negro Soldiers of the United States in the Wars of 1775-1812, 1861-'65" by Joseph T. Wilson. Caption reads: "While leading an attack against British troops in Boston." ALTERNATE TEXT: A chaotic scene in a town: A large group of people have gathered in the streets, with a group of soldiers to the left. The soldiers hold guns and are shooting into the crowd. One man lays in the street with another falling near him. There are buildings behind and to the left of the scene. Clouds and a few birds fill the sky. The crowds have kicked up dust from the street, while the guns have created smoke. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: blackphalanx_57
Subjects: African American soldiers; African American men; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Shawnee leader Tenskwatawa, or The Prophet, published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Tenskwatawa worked with his brother Tecumseh to unite American Indian tribes in the Northwest Territory to defend themselves against white settlers. The title across bottom of the page reads "Tens-Kwau-Ta-Waw." Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian Gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02992
Subjects: Shawnee Tribe; American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington (District of Columbia)
 

Description: This print shows a facsimile bust drawing of Governor Arthur St. Clair (1734-1818) from life by Colonel Joseph Trumbull (first commissary general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.) In this portrait St. Clair is wearing a cocked hat with cockade. Printed at the bottom edge of the print is the caption “Fac Simile [sic] of a pencil drawing from life by Colo. Trumbull.” The name of Arthur St. Clair is handwritten in black ink underneath the caption. Also visible are the hand-printed names “J.B. Longacre” and “H.B. Hall.” Arthur St. Clair was a political and military leader in the Ohio country during the American Revolution and first years of the new nation. He was the first governor of the Northwest Territory and also served as governor of the Ohio Territory. St. Clair was born on March 23, 1736, in Scotland. Some sources list his birth year as 1734 or 1737. Little is known of his early years, and there still is some dispute over exactly who his parents were. He probably studied briefly at the University of Edinburgh and then left school to study anatomy with a man named William Hunter. By 1757, St. Clair had enlisted in the British army as an ensign and was serving in North America during the French and Indian War. During the American Revolutionary War, he rose to the rank of major general in the Continental Army but lost his command after a controversial retreat. Under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which created the Northwest Territory, General St. Clair was appointed governor of what is now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, along with parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota. He named Cincinnati, Ohio, after the Society of the Cincinnati, and it was there that he established his home. When the territory was divided in 1800, he served as governor of the Ohio Territory. James B. Longacre was the fourth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, a post he held from 1844 until his death in 1869. Before his appointment to that post, Longacre had established himself as one of the nation’s finest engravers, known for his elegant engravings based on portraits by other artists. He and James Herring collaborated on a four-volume work entitled “The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans. Conducted by James B. Longacre, Philadelphia; and James Herring, New York. Under the superintendance of the American Academy of the Fine Arts” (published between 1834-1839). As chief engraver of the U.S. Mint, he designed the Indian Head cent (1859 to 1909) in 1859); the Shield nickel (1866 to 1883); Flying Eagle cent (1856 to 1858), and other coins of the period. Henry Bryan Hall (1808-1884) was an English stipple engraver and portrait painter. Born in England, he came to the United States in 1850. He established the firm H.B. Hall & Sons, New York, which achieved great acclaim for its engravings and portraits of political and military leaders. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05827
Subjects: Ohio History--Military Ohio; St. Clair, Arthur, 1736-1818--Portraits; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
Places: Northwest Territory
 

Description: This print of an engraving depicts a popular image of a soldier during the American Revolution. He is wearing a plumed tri-cornered hat and loading a musket from a powder horn. The engraving by A. Bobbett (Albert Bobbett, approximately 1824-1888 or 1889) is that of a drawing by Felix Octavius Carr Darley (1822-1888), one of early America's most esteemed and productive illustrators and painters. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06945
Subjects: Ohio History--Military Ohio; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783; Darley, Felix Octavius Carr, 1822-1888; Bobbett, Albert, approximately 1824-1888 or 1889; Military uniforms
 

Description: Photograph of the historical site of Fort Laurens, a Revolutionary War fort, near Bolivar, Ohio, November 1928. The fort was built in the fall of 1778 along the Tuscarawas River by the American army. American soldiers had been sent to the Ohio Country to defeat the Wyandot Indians, strong allies of the English, and to attack the British garrison at Detroit. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03615
Subjects: Fort Laurens (Ohio); Ohio--History, Military; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
Places: Bolivar (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Illustration of the apotheosis of President Abraham Lincoln and President George Washington. Lincoln embraces Washington in heaven as Washington places a wreath over his head. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: NAM_SC20_3
Subjects: Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Washington, George, 1732-1799; Presidents -- United States; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783; Civil War 1861-1865
 

Description: Portrait of Winthrop Sargent by Gilbert Stuart. Winthrop Sargent (May 1, 1753 – June 3, 1820) was a United States politician, soldier and writer. He was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard University in 1771. With the outbreak of the American Revolution, he joined the Continental Army and attained the rank of major by the war's end. In 1786, Sargent helped survey the Seven Ranges of townships in what is now eastern Ohio. Using the knowledge that he had attained while surveying parts of the Ohio Country, he helped organize the Ohio Company and Associates. He also was one of the principal shareholders of the Scioto Company. He became secretary of the Ohio Company in 1787 and assisted Manasseh Cutler in securing land from the Confederation Congress. That same year, the Congress appointed Sargent as the secretary of the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio. He accompanied some of the first Ohio Company settlers to Marietta in 1788. During the late 1780s and early 1790s, Sargent played a major role in the governance of the Northwest Territory. Governor Arthur St. Clair was commonly away from his position, and Sargent served as de facto governor in his absence. He also served under St. Clair in his expedition against the American Indians living in western Ohio in 1791. At St. Clair's Defeat on November 4, 1791, Sargent was twice wounded but survived. In 1798, Winthrop Sargent resigned as secretary of the Northwest Territory to accept an appointment as the first governor of the Mississippi Territory. Sargent was a devoted member of the Federalist Party. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson, founder of the Democratic-Republican Party, became President of the United States. Jefferson removed Sargent from the governor's seat due to their differing political views. Sargent then retired from public life. He died in 1820 in New Orleans or aboard a steamboat on the Mississippi Rivers at Natchez, according to varying accounts. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07518
Subjects: Ohio History--Military Ohio; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783; Ohio Company (1786-1795); Northwest Territory--History; Ohio--Politics and government
 

Description: The Morgan County Courthouse in McConnelsville, Morgan County, Ohio. Cars are parked in front of the courthouse, with a gathering to the right of the courthouse. Morgan County in southeastern Ohio was formed on December 29, 1817 and was named after Daniel Morgan, an officer in the American Revolutionary War. McConnelsville was established as the county seat in 1819. Morgan County Courthouse is located in downtown McConnelsville and is considered one of the most impressive in Ohio. The Greek Classic building was built in 1858 at a cost of $10,000. It is still standing and is open to visitors. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07519
Subjects: Courthouses--Ohio--History; Ohio History--State and Local Government; Architecture--Ohio; Morgan County (Ohio); American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
Places: McConnelsville (Ohio); Morgan County (Ohio)
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Myaamia (Miami) leader Mi-A-Qu-A, published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04513
Subjects: Myaamia Tribe (Miami); American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington D.C.