Description: The Ohio State School for the Blind utilized models, like this one, to allow its students to perceive the shape of large buildings they would otherwise be unable to experience. Models of stagecoaches and covered wagons are seen being constructed in this photo. Attached document reads: In the time before railroad trains and automobiles were invented people traveled from one town to another in such a public conveyance as this coach. This particular type of coach was used as the trains are used today, a set rate was paid for every miles traveled. It was this coach that carried the early gold hunters across the great western prairies from Dodge City, Kansas, to San Francisco. These coaches all belonged to the Wells Fargo company who also owned and operated the Pony Express. One the inside of the coach six people could sit. This was considered the safest and most comfortable place to ride and was usually occupied by the women. On top, of course, was the driver who had the responsibility of the team of four or sometimes six horses. Usually there was at least one guard who rode with the driver, whose responsibility it was to see that bandits, both Indian and White did not molest the coach and its valuable cargo. The coaches were not as comfortable as they could have been. The seats were upholstered in leather, as a general rule, but the springs were made either of leather straps or very crude hand forged iron. It was difficult to turn the coach sharply or guide it very carefully since the body set on the axels and was not provided with wheel wells. These wheel wells were indentations in the body of such a cab which could have allow- ed the wheels to turn either to right or left much more freely. However, they were not to come for a considerable time as yet. So instead of having these wells, the axles were made very wide to enable the coach to turn more quickly. The passenger's belongings and freight were stowed in the little pen which is located on top of the cab. Additional freight could be fastened to a platform in the back of some of the coaches underneath the driver's seat. Of course, travel by this method was both dangerous and slow. The coach traveled only during the daytime, staying at wayside inns at night. The roads were poor, often only a patch across the plains. It was not particularly unusual to have a stage come into the town, the horses in full gallop, foam flecked and red eyed with fright. Often too they wrought the driver or guard or perhaps a passenger wounded or killed in an encounter with robbers or Indians. The passengers all went armed, as a matter of course, and often a running fight would take place with the lawless men of the plains. The days of Buffalo Bill Cody and the Wells Fargo Express were days of quick fortunes and quicker poverty, of a vast empire of gold and silver and rolling Oregon farms, a day which changed but did not entirely die with the coming of the Iron Horse. COVERED WAGON To understand the background and use of this wagon it will be necessary to go back to the days of immediately following the Revolutionary War. When General Washington dismissed his army and the war was truly over, the country was faced with a depression such as we have just witness in the last few years. This depression was caused by two things. In the first place the young country had no stable currency and the paper money which Congress issued rapidly became practically worthless. This fact added to the dumping of hundreds of soldiers backs onto the country means of supporting themselves. General Washington was actively concerned with the welfare of these men who had given so long and so loyally that the nation might be free. In the case where the men had ever owned anything in the way of homes, or farms, these had either been confiscated or ruined by the long years of neglect. What was to be done with these men and their families? After the purchase of the Louisiana Territory it was obvious that there was an enormous tract of very fertile and beautiful land waiting beyond the mountains for settlers. These settlers were not hard to find. They gathered their belongings and families and departed to new hope and a new life, after the horrors of the war, in a new home. The old soldiers remembered the wagons which had done such service in transporting ammunition during the war. They recalled that the conventional wagon of the day --- four wheels with removable bed resting on the axels --- had been converted into an ammunition conveyance by fastening hoopes of willow to the side of the bed so as to form a support for the canvas which made the roof. What could be more natural than that these men should adopt this same kind of wagon to carry their household effects and families over the mountains to their new homes. Countless stories could be told of the adventurers of the type of wagon which got its start then. Many times settlers in bands were attacked by Indians and all the members killed. Other times death met them in the form of disease or lack of food or water, but for every one who died many (the number is of course not known) lived to reach new homes, at first in Ohio, then choice sports further and further west, until the Pacific was reached. This wagon was the accepted means of conveyance for any who hoped to take his household with him. the method of locomotion varied with the person who drove and with the kind of territory through which the people were to travel. Sometimes mules were used, but more often oxen or horses did the heavy work of moving the cumberson and heavy wagons. The people who traveled in this uncomfortable conveyance were not, as may be suspected, the poorest and crudest in the country. There rests in the museum in Denver today definite proof of this. There is a tiny spinet (the ancestor of the modern day piano) which is built of beautiful rosewood, obviously expensive and probably imported from England. The story of this lovely piano is simple. It was found on a prairie not far from Denver by a band of settlers in the smoldering debris of what had once been a caravan of settlers. The people who had driven the oxen were all kead, killed by Indians, but the following band of settlers had been so close behind that they were able to come up before the fire had destroyed the wreckage of the wagons. Who owned that spinet and where they were going, no one knows. Wave upon wave of settlers continued to come despite the hardships and dangers and they came in their time proven covered wagons. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B11F04_25_001
Subjects: Models; Schools--Ohio; Students; Ohio State School for the Blind; Blind--Education--Ohio--Columbus; Ohio--History--Pictorial works; Federal Writers' Project
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph, from a year book dated from 1940, shows the Brilliant High School marching band standing outside. The tuba player in the center of the back row has been identified as James R. (Bob) Gilchrist. Brilliant High School was located at 2nd Street in Brilliant, Ohio, in Jefferson County, Ohio. In 1952, a new building was opened at 1004 3rd Street. In 1972, Brilliant High School merged with Smithfield High School, to become Buckeye North High School. Finally, in 1990, the three schools in the district merged together to form the Buckeye Local High School in Rayland, Ohio. This photograph is one of the many visual materials collected for use in the Ohio Guide. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Works Progress Administration by executive order to create jobs for the large numbers of unemployed laborers, as well as artists, musicians, actors, and writers. The Federal Arts Program, a sector of the Works Progress Administration, included the Federal Writers’ Project, one of the primary goals of which was to complete the America Guide series, a series of guidebooks for each state which included state history, art, architecture, music, literature, and points of interest to the major cities and tours throughout the state. Work on the Ohio Guide began in 1935 with the publication of several pamphlets and brochures. The Reorganization Act of 1939 consolidated the Works Progress Administration and other agencies into the Federal Works Administration, and the Federal Writers’ Project became the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio. The final product was published in 1940 and went through several editions. The Ohio Guide Collection consists of 4,769 photographs collected for use in Ohio Guide and other publications of the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio from 1935-1939. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B08F06_024_001
Subjects: High school; Marching bands; Steubenville (Ohio); Musical instruments; Bands (Music)--Ohio; Students; Federal Writers' Project
Places: Brilliant (Ohio); Steubenville (Ohio); Jefferson County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph, from a yearbook dated from 1940, shows students of Brilliant High School sit in the physics class of George T. McKinstry. The student in the white shirt and in the front row has been identified as Charles Campbell. The student near the left side of the photograph appears to be reading an article from the newspaper about baseball titled: "Greetings to Rosy Rowswell, from the home town Tarentum [Pennsylvania]." Brilliant High School was located at 2nd Street in Brilliant, Ohio, in Jefferson County, Ohio. In 1952, a new building was opened at 1004 3rd Street. In 1972, Brilliant High School merged with Smithfield High School, to become Buckeye North High School. Finally, in 1990, the three schools in the district merged together to form the Buckeye Local High School in Rayland, Ohio. This photograph is one of the many visual materials collected for use in the Ohio Guide. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Works Progress Administration by executive order to create jobs for the large numbers of unemployed laborers, as well as artists, musicians, actors, and writers. The Federal Arts Program, a sector of the Works Progress Administration, included the Federal Writers’ Project, one of the primary goals of which was to complete the America Guide series, a series of guidebooks for each state which included state history, art, architecture, music, literature, and points of interest to the major cities and tours throughout the state. Work on the Ohio Guide began in 1935 with the publication of several pamphlets and brochures. The Reorganization Act of 1939 consolidated the Works Progress Administration and other agencies into the Federal Works Administration, and the Federal Writers’ Project became the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio. The final product was published in 1940 and went through several editions. The Ohio Guide Collection consists of 4,769 photographs collected for use in Ohio Guide and other publications of the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio from 1935-1939. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B08F06_025_001
Subjects: High school; Classrooms -- Ohio; Students; Science and Technology
Places: Brilliant (Ohio); Steubenville (Ohio); Jefferson County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph showing the students and teachers of East Youngstown's Penhale High School, 1925. Many of these students would have a life-long relationship with the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, dimly visible in the background through the smoke and haze. Many of these students were the children of Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company steelworkers, lived in Youngstown Sheet and Tube housing, and would work for the company themselves after finishing school. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05571
Subjects: Campbell (Ohio); Cultural Ohio--Education; Students--Ohio; School photography; Schools--Ohio;
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: Group portrait of nine female students at Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio. In 1856, the Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University near Xenia, Ohio, to provide African Americans access to a college education. The university was the first private black college in the United States, and was named by its founders after William Wilberforce, a prominent eighteenth-century abolitionist. A number of African American Ohioans attended the school during its early years. During the American Civil War, attendance declined as many students enlisted in the Union army. Wilberforce University closed in 1862. In 1863, the African Methodist Episcopal Church acquired ownership of the university. Under the direction of Daniel Payne, a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, John Mitchell, the principal of a school in Cincinnati, and James Shorter, an African Methodist Episcopal pastor from Zanesville, Ohio, Wilberforce reopened its doors. The institution operated as a private university serving the African American community for the next twenty-four years. In 1887, the State of Ohio began to provide Wilberforce with funds to help finance the institution, which brought to an end the university's exclusively private status. The state also helped the university create a Normal and Industrial Department that eventually evolved into Central State University. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03805
Subjects: Greene County (Ohio); Multicultural Ohio -- African American Ohioans; Students -- Ohio; African American women -- Ohio
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
 

Description: Male and female students in class, Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio. In 1856, the Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University near Xenia, Ohio, to provide African Americans access to a college education. The university was the first private black college in the United States, and was named by its founders after William Wilberforce, a prominent eighteenth-century abolitionist. A number of African American Ohioans attended the school during its early years. During the American Civil War, attendance declined as many students enlisted in the Union army. Wilberforce University closed in 1862. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03806
Subjects: Greene County (Ohio); Multicultural Ohio -- African American Ohioans; Students -- Ohio
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
 

Description: Male and female students in typing class at Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio. In 1856, the Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University near Xenia, Ohio, to provide African Americans access to a college education. The university was the first private black college in the United States, and was named by its founders after William Wilberforce, a prominent eighteenth-century abolitionist. A number of African American Ohioans attended the school during its early years. During the American Civil War, attendance declined as many students enlisted in the Union army. Wilberforce University closed in 1862. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03803
Subjects: Greene County (Ohio); Multicultural Ohio -- African American Ohioans; Students -- Ohio
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
 

Description: Male and female students on stage with organ and other musical instruments, Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio. In 1856, the Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University near Xenia, Ohio, to provide African Americans access to a college education. The university was the first private black college in the United States, and was named by its founders after William Wilberforce, a prominent eighteenth-century abolitionist. A number of African American Ohioans attended the school during its early years. During the American Civil War, attendance declined as many students enlisted in the Union army. Wilberforce University closed in 1862. In 1863, the African Methodist Episcopal Church acquired ownership of the university. Under the direction of Daniel Payne, a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, John Mitchell, the principal of a school in Cincinnati, and James Shorter, an African Methodist Episcopal pastor from Zanesville, Ohio, Wilberforce reopened its doors. The institution operated as a private university serving the African American community for the next twenty-four years. In 1887, the State of Ohio began to provide Wilberforce with funds to help finance the institution, which brought to an end the university's exclusively private status. The state also helped the university create a Normal and Industrial Department that eventually evolved into Central State University. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03802
Subjects: Multicultural Ohio -- African American Ohioans; Wilberforce University; Students -- Ohio; Musical instruments
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
 

Description: Group portrait of the 1909 class of East High School in Columbus, Ohio. Students are gathered on the front steps of the school building. Each student and teacher pictured is numbered and the photograph is accompanied by a key identifying them by name. East High School (which was also called Franklin Junior High School for a time) was constructed at 1390 Bryden Road in 1889. As enrollment continued to grow, East High was eventually replaced by the new East High School located on East Broad Street. The original building was later demolished. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: OVS7309_1
Subjects: Education--Ohio; School buildings; School photography; Students--Ohio;
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: A group of students stands with their teacher along High Street in downtown Columbus, Ohio. One boy points something out to another. The High Street Photograph Collection is comprised of over 400 photographs of High Street in Columbus, Ohio, taken in the early 1970s. These photographs were taken primarily at street level and document people and the built environment from the Pontifical College Josephinum on North High Street in Worthington through Clintonville, the University District and Short North, Downtown and South Columbus. The photographs were used in a television photo documentary that aired on WOSU called "High Street." Photographers that were involved in this project were Alfred Clarke, Carol Hibbs Kight, Darrell Muething, Clayton K. Lowe, and Julius Foris, Jr. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV254_B06F149_01
Subjects: Columbus (Ohio)--History--20th century; Street photography; Downtowns; Students -- Ohio;
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Group portrait of male students or faculty outside a brick building at Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio. The portrait depicts three rows of men (one standing, one seated on chairs and the third on the ground in foreground) in front of a building. The image has been damaged making it hard to see the seated figures. In 1856, the Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University near Xenia, Ohio, to provide African Americans access to a college education. The university was the first private black college in the United States, and was named by its founders after William Wilberforce, a prominent eighteenth-century abolitionist. A number of African American Ohioans attended the school during its early years. During the American Civil War, attendance declined as many students enlisted in the Union army. Wilberforce University closed in 1862. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03810
Subjects: Greene County (Ohio); Multicultural Ohio -- African American Ohioans; Wilberforce University; Students -- Ohio
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
 

Description: Group portrait of 17 male and female students, Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio. In 1856, the Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University near Xenia, Ohio, to provide African Americans access to a college education. The university was the first private black college in the United States, and was named by its founders after William Wilberforce, a prominent eighteenth-century abolitionist. A number of African American Ohioans attended the school during its early years. During the American Civil War, attendance declined as many students enlisted in the Union army. Wilberforce University closed in 1862. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03807
Subjects: Greene County (Ohio); Multicultural Ohio -- African American Ohioans; Students -- Ohio
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)