Description: To accommodate the raw materials coming into the plant, and the finished product going out, the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company maintained an extensive rail system. Cars carrying up to 100 tons transported coal, iron ore, and limestone to the plant around the clock. This photograph was taken at the Campbell Works looking west from Wilson Avenue, East Youngstown (Campbell), Ohio, ca. 1920. In the background is the tube mill for converting semi-finished steel into pipes. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05584
Subjects: Steel industry and trade--Ohio; Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company; Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Railroads; Factories
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: The ore bridge at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company's Campbell Works in East Youngstown (Campbell), Ohio, spanned the stockyard, well above the tall piles of ore. A large crane recovered ore from the piles in the stockyard and moved it to bins. From there it would go to the skip hoist and into the blast furnace. This is a photograph of one of two ore bridges at the Campbell Works, ca. 1920. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05590
Subjects: Steel industry and trade--Ohio; Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company; Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Railroads; Factories
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: A view of Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company's blast furnaces at the Campbell Works, ca. 1920-1929. Founded in 1900, Youngstown Sheet and Tube established an integrated steel plant in East Youngstown, which would later become Campbell, Ohio. The plant's blast furnaces, visible under the three tallest waste heat stacks, converted raw materials into pig iron, which could then be made into steel. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05593
Subjects: Blast furnaces--Ohio; Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Steel industry and trade--Ohio--Youngstown--History
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: Interior view of the blast furnace at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company's Campbell Works in East Youngstown (Campbell), Ohio. The bottom of the blast furnace is known as the hearth. Sheltered by the cast house, this part of the furnace is pierced, or tapped, to release the pig iron from within. The pig iron then flows through runners in the cast house floor. The man in this ca. 1930-1939 photograph is taking a sample of the pig iron so that its composition can be tested. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05596
Subjects: Blast furnaces--Ohio; Ohio Economy--Economy--Labor; Steel industry and trade--Ohio--Youngstown--History
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: A view of the cast house and blast furnaces in operation at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company's Campbell Works, East Youngstown (Campbell), Ohio, ca. 1910-1919. The cast house (right) had tracks with ladles to catch and transport the molten iron. The hot metal came from the spouts projecting from the cast house floor. These tracks may have run on the inside or the outside of the casting house. The tracks extended to the Bessemer and open-hearth departments of the Campbell Works where the pig iron was made into steel. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05604
Subjects: Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Steel industry and trade--Ohio--Youngstown--History; Blast furnaces--Ohio; Factories
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: A view of the cast house tapping machine at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company's Campbell Works, East Youngstown (Campbell), Ohio, ca. 1910-1919. The tapping gun opens a hole and allows the molten iron to flow from the blast furnace. The opening is kept sealed by clay until the furnace is ready for tapping. The clay is then drilled out of the tap hole until the iron skull is met. Next, the iron skull is burned through with an oxygen lance. Then the liquid iron is allowed to flow out of the furnace. The tapping machine is moved by a crane that attaches to the gun. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05606
Subjects: Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Steel industry and trade--Ohio--Youngstown--History; Blast furnaces--Ohio; Factories
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: Steelworkers use a mud gun in the cast house at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company's Campbell Works, East Youngstown (Campbell), Ohio, ca. 1930-1939. The mud gun swung from an arm mounted on a pedestal in the cast house. The clay plugged the hole by plugging or screwing in the clay. The plugging method varied depending on the type of gun being used at the time. The gun could be powered by steam or an electric motor. After every use, the gun needed cleaning and the clay was discarded. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05609
Subjects: Blast furnaces--Ohio; Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Steel industry and trade--Ohio--Youngstown--History; Iron and steel workers--Ohio
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: A steelworker plugs the cinder notch in the cast house at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company's Campbell Works, East Youngstown (Campbell), Ohio, ca. 1930-1939. Workers first flushed the slag out of the blast furnace at the cinder notch. Then they used a long steel bar called a bott to plug the cinder notch. At the end of the bar was the cinder notch plug, or the monkey bott. Later, at the end of the monkey bott was an oxygen lance. The worker operating the monkey bott was called a keeper. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05610
Subjects: Blast furnaces--Ohio; Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Steel industry and trade--Ohio--Youngstown--History; Iron and steel workers--Ohio
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: Refined waste gas is routed to the boiler house to be utilized as fuel to heat water for production of steam. After the boilers were installed, the building was constructed around them. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company added these eight new 500 HP boilers to the Campbell Works in 1912. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05614
Subjects: Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Steel industry and trade--Ohio--Youngstown--History; Blast furnaces--Ohio; Factories
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: A view of the typical blast furnace showing the sequence of the gas cleaning process at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company's Campbell Works, East Youngstown (Campbell), Ohio, ca. 1920-1929. The downcomer leads to the dustcatcher, then to washers and finally on for use in heating hot blast stoves, blowing engines or for firing boilers. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05615
Subjects: Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Steel industry and trade--Ohio--Youngstown--History; Blast furnaces--Ohio; Factories
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: This is a rotary type car dumper used to bale raw materials from the railcars into piles in the yard at the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company's Campbell Works. Each car carried about 100 tons of material, according to former Campbell Works employee Chester Kaschak. Clamps secured the boxcars to the dumper in order to keep it steady when tipping. Kaschak says: "Sometimes you would come to work and find a car out in the yard. Someone had forgotten to put the clamps down." Kaschak says the car dumper was a part of the steel-making operation that required a high level of maintenance. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05587
Subjects: Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Steel industry and trade--Ohio--Youngstown--History; Blast furnaces--Ohio; Factories
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)
 

Description: A view of Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company's blast furnace at the Cambell Works, ca. 1920-1929. The function of a blast furnace is to transform raw materials such as iron ore, coke and limestone into pig iron. These ingredients are mechanically charged into the top of the furnace via skip cars or buckets traveling on an inclined bridge. Hot air blast is introduced into the bottom of the furnace. This leads to chemical reactions that produce molten iron, slag, flue dust, and gas. Slag separates unwanted elements from the iron, and flue dust and gas are byproducts. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05594
Subjects: Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Steel industry and trade--Ohio--Youngstown--History; Blast furnaces--Ohio; Factories
Places: East Youngstown (Ohio); Campbell (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio)