Description: This is a photo of a student at the Ohio State School for the Blind touching a model of an artesian well to develop a mental image. The model incorporates pipes for the well and shows the different series of rock. Reverse reads: “ARTESIAN WELL – Artesian well is a well formed by boring or drilling into a layer of porous rock or earth, which brings water from some higher point. Such a layer or stratum lying between two impervious layers of rock or clay is shown in the model. The rain falls upon it, where it is exposed, and seems inward, prevented by the harder rock below from going directly down. If a well is bored at any point between outcropping ends, water will be forced into it, perhaps flowing freely at the surface according to the principles explained by the lower half of the model. The name artesian was formerly restricted to flowing wells, and is derived from the province of Artois, Frank, where this type of well was first popular. Most artesian wells supply pure drinking water, excellent for domestic purposes, and for stock, though often containing minerals. They are common in many regions, where surface water of good quality is not easily obtained. In recent years, a large number of them have been bored in states east of the Appalachian Mountains and many cities now obtain their supply of water from them. They are also used extensively for irrigation. Some wells are very deep. One in Pittsburgh, Pa., is 4,625 feet and one in Galveston, Texas is over 3000 feet deppt. The deepest well in the world, at Leipzig, Germany, has a depth of 5735 feet. --- THE WORLD BOOK---“ “When several wells are bored in the same vicinity, the flow from each may be diminished, but the total discharge will increase until the limits of supply is reached. This well illustrated in the wells bored in the London basin which in 1838 gave a total daily supply of 6,000,000 gallons; in 1881 with a larger number of borings, the supply was about doubled while the force had diminished very markedly; also, in Denver, Colorado, where some years ago there were many flowing wells, which yielded water in large volume and with sufficient hear to rise to the upper floors of the buildings. As wells multiplied, the head and volume decreased so that in 1916 all wells in the center of the city had to be pumped and artesian water was available only in the lower parts of some of the surrounding country. The depth at which artesian water may be found, depends entirely upon local conditions. In the Paris basin the water bearing stratum is usually encountered at a depth exceeding 1500 feet. The famous well at Grenelle, near Paris was begun in 1833 and operations were continued until 1841, when, at a depth of 1797 feet, the water poured out with great force at the rate of 800,000 gallons per day. Another noted foreign well is that at Schladenbach near Leipzig with a depth of 5735 feet. In the United States, there are many notable examples of artesian wells. The first boring of great depth was made in St. Louis in 1849-54; a flow of 75 gallons per minute was obtained from a depth of 2200 feet. A well at Louisville Kentucky, in 2066 feet deep yields 330,000 gallons per day. Among other noteworthy wells are the following: Columbus, Ohio 2775 feet; Galveston, Texas, 3071 feet; Charleston, South Carolina, 1250 feet; Pittsburgh, Pa., 4625 feet; Chicago, 710 feet; and Edgemont, South Dakota, where two wells (2965 feet each) yield flows of 1,000,000 gallons a day at a temperature of 100°. The cost of sinking artesian wells varies with the depth mf and the character of the strata encountered. Up to 500 feet ex the cost commonly ranges from $3.00 to $6.00 per feet but below this limit the cost increases in proportion to the depth. The apparatus used in boring does not differ from that employed in sinking for petroleum. The first artesian borings were probably made by the Chinese. In the upper basin of the Yangtae Kiang there are wells 1500 to 3000 feet in depth from which brine for salt manufacture is obtained. This industry has been carried on since a very early period and is an illustration of the comparatively advanced state of progress attained by this people long before the Western nations had developed the mechanical arts beyond the crude stage. ---The Americana---“ View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B11F04_29_001
Subjects: United States. Work Projects Administration; Blind--Education--Ohio; Ohio State School for the Blind; Models and modelmaking; Water wells
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Carte de visite of General John Pope, who served in the Union Army during the Civil War. Pope, a native of Louisville, Kentucky, had a successful chain of battles on the Mississippi, including Island No. 10 and Corinth. However, once in command in the East, Pope performed poorly, suffering major defeats at Cedar Mountain and Second Bull Run. Pope was relieved of command, and spent the rest of the war commanding the Minnesota Military District. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV200_b03_f33_49
Subjects: Ohio--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Pictorial works; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Photographs; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Military officers--Union
Places: Ohio; Louisville (Kentucky)
 

Description: This is an apron conveyor made by the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company of Columbus, Ohio. On the conveyor are bottles of beer brewed by the Frank Frebis Brewing Company, Louisville, Kentucky, ca. 1905. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL01241
Subjects: Breweries; Ohio Economy--Economy--Business
Places: Louisville (Kentucky)
 

Description: Carte de visite of General Robert Anderson, who served in the Union Army during the Civil War. Anderson, originally from Louisville, Kentucky, was a pro-slavery, former slave owner, but remained loyal to the Union. He is primarily known as being the commander of Fort Sumter, the fortress bombarded by the Confederacy to begin the war. After Fort Sumter, he primarily worked to recruit soldiers to the Union cause. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV200_b03_f33_30
Subjects: Ohio--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Pictorial works; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Photographs; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Military officers--Union
Places: Ohio; Louisville (Kentucky)
 

Description: The Crowell-Collier Publishing Company Plant was located on West High Street, between Wittenberg and Lowry Avenues in Springfield, Ohio and was one of the largest publishing houses in the world. John Crowell (1850 – 1921), a printer from Louisville, Kentucky, came to Springfield, Ohio in 1878 to edit Farm and Fireside magazine. He founded the company Mast, Crowell & and Kirkpatrick. By 1902 the company was publishing a number of magazines and was incorporated as The Crowell Publishing Company in 1906. Peter Fenelon Collier (1849-1909) began publishing in 1873, beginning with Roman Catholic books, Bibles, and the magazine ‘Collier’s Once a Week’. In 1895, the name was changed to ‘Collier’s Weekly’, which was purchased by Crowell publishing in 1919. P.F. Collier & Sons was taken over by Robert Collier when his father Peter died in 1909. Though the two companies worked together since 1919, they didn’t become Crowell Collier Publishing Company until 1939, having merged in 1934. They printed four nationally known magazines: Collier’s, Woman’s Home Companion, American Magazine and Country Home. Though having begun 1877 in a tiny one-room establishment with a simple hand press and evolving into a massive factory complex incorporating 7 buildings, including an 8-story plant covering an entire city block, the company began going downhill. The plant began dissolving in 1956 and the Springfield plant was sold in 1957. Crowell-Collier merged with Macmillan of New York in 1960 and in 1965 the name Crowell Collier & MacMillian began being used, though the titled was eventually changed to MacMillian, Inc. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B08F01_010_001
Subjects: Industries--Ohio--Springfield; Publishers and publishing--Ohio--History; Crowell Publishing Company; P.F. Collier & Son Company; Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. P.F. Collier & Son Corporation; Crowell-Collier Publishing Company; Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. Macmillan Company
Places: Springfield (Ohio); Clark County (Ohio)
 

Description: Portrait of Major General Alexander McDowell McCook from Carroll County, Ohio, ca. 1861-1865. He was a member of the McCook Family known as the "Fighting McCook's", a name referring to the number of family members who served in the Civil War. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00533
Subjects: Soldiers--Ohio; Other--Family History
Places: Louisville (Kentucky); Jefferson County (Kentucky)
 

Description: This a photograph of a guidon of the 95th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The text on flag reads: 95 Ohio. The 95th O.V.I. was formed at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio on August 19, 1862 for a three year term. Their engagements were: Battle of Richmond, Vicksburg Campaign, Siege of Vicksburg May 19 & 22, Siege of Jackson, Battle of Brice's Crossroads, Battle of Nashville, and the Battle of Fort Blakely. They were mustered out on August 19, 1865 in Louisville, Kentucky. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02060
Subjects: Flags--Ohio; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865; Military flags; Communication artifact; Ceremonial artifact
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: This portrait of William Clarke Quantrill was taken from "Quantrill and the Border Wars" by William Elsey Connelley, 1910. The image caption reads "WILLIAM CLARKE QUANTRILL THE GUERILLA CHIEF" Born in Canal Dover (now Dover), Ohio, Quantrill led The Quantrill Raiders, Confederate soldiers who operated in the border area between Kansas and Missouri during the American Civil War. This group was known for targeting Union forces and sympathizers. Quantrill's tactics and brutality scared Confederate leaders and he was never fully sanctioned by them. Among his raiders were Frank and Jesse James. Quantrill was severely wounded during a raid in Kentucky in May 1865. He died on June 6, 1865, in Louisville, Kentucky. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04278
Subjects: Ohio History--Military Ohio; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865; Confederate States of America
Places: Dover (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Reverse reads in type: "K.K. Colvin, Supervisor, Federal Writers' Projects 1311 W. 80 St., Cleveland, Ohio. General View, Nela Park (National Electric Lamp Association of the General Electric Co.), Taylor Rd. south of Euclid Ave., East Cleveland, Ohio." Reverse reads: "Industry can [underlined] be aesthetic." Photograph shows an aerial view of Nela Park and the surrounding houses in East Cleveland, Ohio. Contrary to the caption, the road that bifurcates the image is Noble Road; Taylor Road is located four blocks south. Nela Park is the headquarters of GE Lighting, and is located in East Cleveland, Ohio. Today, GE Lighting is a part of GE's Consumer and Industrial business, headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. Nela Park still serves as the operating headquarters of the lighting division. Development of the site was started in 1911, when the National Electric Lamp Company (NELA) was dissolved and absorbed into General Electric. It was the first industrial park in the world and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The campus emulates a university setting, and the dominant architectural style is Georgian Revival. The 92-acre (370,000 square mile) campus is home to GE's Lighting & Electrical Institute, which was founded in 1933. Each December, Nela Park features a world-famous Christmas lighting display, which culminates in a miniature version of the National Christmas Tree in Washington, D.C., designed by GE Lighting. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B07F07_026_1
Subjects: National Electric Lamp Association; Cleveland (Ohio)--Aerial views; Cleveland (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.--Pictorial works; General Electric Company--History
Places: East Cleveland (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio)
 

Description: Caption reads: "Montgomery Co. – April 16, 1937. View looking South on Dixie Highway (Route 25) showing Railroad on left, Canal, Highway, Inter-urban on right. River is hidden by trees on the right." Work on the construction of the Dixie Highway started in 1915, a conception of automobile producer Carl G. Fisher. The highway, made up of a connection of paved roads, stretches from the Straits of Mackinac, in Mackinac, Michigan to Miami, Florida. Divided into two sections, a western route makes stops in South Bend, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; and Atlanta, Georgia: while an eastern route makes stops in Detroit, Michigan; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Jacksonville, Florida. In Ohio, Dixie Highway passes through Toledo, Dayton, and Cincinnati. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B02F06_008_1
Subjects: Dixie Highway--History--Pictorial works; Canals--Ohio; Transportation--Ohio--History.; Ohio--History--Pictorial works; Federal Writers' Project
Places: Montgomery County (Ohio)
 

Description: Jacquelyn Mayer of Sandusky, Ohio, who won the Miss America Pageant in 1962 and served as Miss America 1963. She is pictured exiting an airplane, possibly in Louisville, Kentucky, during her reign as Miss America. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07810
Subjects: Women--Ohio; Cultural Ohio--Popular Culture; Miss America Pageant
Places: Sandusky (Ohio); Erie County (Ohio)
 

Description: George Crogham was born on 15, 1791 on Locust Grove farm in present day Louisville, Kentucky. His father was William Crogham of Dublin, Ireland, and his mother was Lucy Clark, sister of William and George Rogers Clark. After graduation from the College of William and Mary, Crogan joined the army in 1810. He fought in the Battle of Tippecanoe and served in Fort Meigs, located in present day Perrysburg, Ohio. He was promoted to the rank of colonel after his leadership in the battle of Ft Stephenson during the War of 1812. Fort Stephenson was located in present day Fremont, Ohio. Later he lead a troop that was defeated in the Battle of Mackinac. After the war, he resigned form the Army and became Postmaster of New Orleans. Later he became an inspector general of the army. He fought in the Battle of Monterrey during the Mexican-American War. He was married to Serena Livingston, grand daughter of Robert Livinston. George Crogham died of cholera in 1849 and was buried at the site of Fort Stephenson in Fremont, Ohio View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B15F01_055
Subjects: Sandusky County (Ohio); Fremont (Ohio); Fort Stephenson (Ohio)
Places: Fremont (Ohio); Sandusky County (Ohio)