Description: Caption on reverse reads: "Indian Trail Marker (Silhouette). Central Pky. and Sycamore Str." This photograph shows a plaque with the silhouette of soldiers and a covered wagon on top, held between two concrete pillars. It used to stand somewhere near the intersections of Reading Road, Central Parkway and Sycamore Street, in Cincinnati. Inscription reads: "Approximately at this point two Ohio military trails branched. Reading Road follows the marches of Bowman, Clark, Harmar, Harrison, Clay and Shelby, 1779 - 1812. Central Parkway follows the route of St. Clair and Wayne, 1791 - 1793." A historical marker, erected under the Ohio Revolutionary Memorial Commission's plan, stands at Central Parkway and Sycamore where the two Ohio trails branched. Reading Road following the marches of Bowman, Clark, Harmar, Harrison, Clay and Shelby; and Central Parkway folloing the route of St. Clair and Mad Anthony Wayne - brave names in those days of pioneer drumbeat and marching soldiers and frontiersmen in buckskin. The Daughters of the American Revolution placed at the Central Parkway and Ludlow Avenue intersection a bronze tablet in memory of Major General Arthur St. Clair, who was an officer in the Revolutionary War, first governor of the Northwest Territory, and the man who gave Cincinnati its name. Major General Arthur St. Clair left Fort Washington, in present day Cincinnati, on September 17, 1791, following the aforementioned trail north, in order to build a fort at the head of the Maumee River. An large group of Indians led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, as well as army deserters and prisoners, left Kekionga in Indiana, heading south. The Indians had been receiving information about the army's movements from warrior scouts and deserters, and a large group led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket headed south to intercept St. Clair's army. A battle ensued near what is now Fort Recovery in which most of St. Clair's officers were killed, causing him to lose his post and his reputation.General Anthony Wayne returned in 3 years with properly trained, well-equipped army, and defeated the Indians at Fallen Timbers near Toledo. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B09F10_021_1
Subjects: Historical markers--Ohio--Cincinnati; Indian trails--Ohio; Central Parkway Area (Cincinnati, Ohio); Memorials--Ohio; Wayne, Anthony, 1745-1796; St. Clair, Arthur, 1734-1818
Places: Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: This print shows the exterior of Fort McIntosh in Beaver, Pennsylvania. Constructed in 1778, Fort McIntosh was the first fort north of the Ohio River, and was the site of the signing of the Treaty of Fort McIntosh on January 21, 1785, in which many Ohio American Indian tribes ceded land east of the Cuyahoga and Muskingum Rivers to the United States government. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL08442
Subjects: Fortification; Treaties; American Indian history and society
Places: Beaver (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Jim Thorpe carrying a football past a would-be tackler, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Jim (James Francis) Thorpe was born in 1888 in Oklahoma to Hiram P. and Charlotte Thorpe. Both Hiram and Charlotte were of European and American Indian heritage and Jim was raised in the Sac and Fox tribes. In 1904 he was sent to a boarding school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania for American Indian children. While at Carlisle he played multiple sports, including football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and track. He left Carlisle in 1909 and 1910 to play professional baseball with teams in Eastern Carolina League in North Carolina. He returned to Carlisle in 1911 for two successful football seasons. In both 1911 and 1912 he was an All-American halfback for football. In 1912 he became the only person to win gold medals in both the pentathlon and decathlon at the Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden. His Olympic celebrity propelled him a three year contract playing professional baseball for the New York Giants. He also played baseball with the Boston Braves and Cincinnati Reds. However, it was as a professional football player that Thorpe was more successful and strongly tied to Ohio. He was associated with four professional or semi-professional football teams in Ohio as a player and coach: the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Oorang Indians based in LaRue, and the Portsmouth Shoe-Steels. His greatest success was with the Canton Bulldogs, which he led to win national championships in 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1919. From 1922-1923 he was a player and coach for the Oorang Indians, a National Football League team comprised of all native players. The majority of the Oorang Indians team members, like Thorpe, had played at Carlisle. The team owner, Robert Lingo, used the team and Thorpes celebrity to advertise his Oorang Kennels Company, particularly his Airedale terriers. Thorpe played another season with the Bulldogs in 1926 and then went to Portsmouth as a player-coach for the semi-professional Portsmouth Shoe-Steels in 1927. This was Thorpes last athletic job. During the 1930s and 1940s he worked a variety of jobs until he died of a heart attack in 1953. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV235_1_13
Subjects: Thorpe, Jim, 1887-1953; Carlisle Indian Industrial School; School sports
Places: Carlisle (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Photographic copy of the Treaty of Greeneville, signed August 3, 1795, at Fort Greene Ville (the present site of Greenville, Ohio). On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. In January 1795, representatives from the various tribes met with Wayne at Fort Greene Ville. The Americans and natives spent the next eight months negotiating a treaty. It became known as the Treaty of Greeneville. On August 3, 1795, leaders of the Wyandot Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Ottawa Indians, the Miami Indians, the Eel River Indians, the Wea Indians, the Chippewa Indians, the Potawatomi Indians, the Kickapoo Indians, the Piankashaw Indians, and the Kaskaskia Indians formally signed the treaty. The natives agreed to relinquish all claims to land south and east of a boundary that began roughly at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. It ran southward to Fort Laurens and then turned westward to Fort Loramie and Fort Recovery. It then turned southward to the Ohio River. The Indians, however, could still hunt on the land that they ceded. The whites agreed to relinquish their claims to land north and west of the line, although the natives permitted the Americans to establish several trading posts in their territory. The United States also provided the Indians with $20,000 worth of goods for signing the treaty. The American government also agreed to give the natives $9,500 every year in goods. The Indians were to decide how the goods would be divided among them. Many Indians refused to honor the agreement. White settlers continued to move onto the contested land. Violence continued between these two peoples. Native American leaders like Tecumseh and the Prophet would emerge in the early 1800s to carry on the Indian struggle to regain their lost land. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_003_001
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Northwest Territory; Treaties; Treaty of Greenville
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Mapmaker John Melish created this map of Ohio around 1812. The map shows the land office districts in Ohio, including the Virginia Military District, and Ohio Company and the Western Reserve lands. The border of the American Indian lands in the northwest part of the state is drawn on the map. It is hand colored and measures 9.45" x 9.45" (24 x 24 cm). Originally from Scotland, Melish was an important figure in early United States cartography, or mapmaking. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om1529_1169180_001
Subjects: Geography; American Indians; Maps--Midwest--Ohio
Places: Ohio
 

Description: This photograph shows the streets of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, decorated for Jim Thorpe's homecoming parade in 1912. Jim (James Francis) Thorpe was born in 1888 in Oklahoma to Hiram P. and Charlotte Thorpe. Both Hiram and Charlotte were of European and American Indian heritage and Jim was raised in the Sac and Fox tribes. In 1904 he was sent to a boarding school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania for American Indian children. While at Carlisle he played multiple sports, including football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and track. He left Carlisle in 1909 and 1910 to play professional baseball with teams in Eastern Carolina League in North Carolina. He returned to Carlisle in 1911 for two successful football seasons. In both 1911 and 1912 he was an All-American halfback for football. In 1912 he became the only person to win gold medals in both the pentathlon and decathlon at the Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden. His Olympic celebrity propelled him a three year contract playing professional baseball for the New York Giants. He also played baseball with the Boston Braves and Cincinnati Reds. However, it was as a professional football player that Thorpe was more successful and strongly tied to Ohio. He was associated with four professional or semi-professional football teams in Ohio as a player and coach: the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Oorang Indians based in LaRue, and the Portsmouth Shoe-Steels. His greatest success was with the Canton Bulldogs, which he led to win national championships in 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1919. From 1922-1923 he was a player and coach for the Oorang Indians, a National Football League team comprised of all native players. The majority of the Oorang Indians team members, like Thorpe, had played at Carlisle. The team owner, Robert Lingo, used the team and Thorpes celebrity to advertise his Oorang Kennels Company, particularly his Airedale terriers. Thorpe played another season with the Bulldogs in 1926 and then went to Portsmouth as a player-coach for the semi-professional Portsmouth Shoe-Steels in 1927. This was Thorpes last athletic job. During the 1930s and 1940s he worked a variety of jobs until he died of a heart attack in 1953. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV235_1_8
Subjects: Thorpe, Jim, 1887-1953; American Indians; Athletics and athletes
Places: Carlisle (Pennsylvania); Cumberland County (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: This photograph (ca. 1935-1943) is of an illustration depicting several pioneers and Indians building a log cabin. In the foreground a Native American can be seen exchanging a jug with a frontiersman in a coonskin cap. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F11_042
Subjects: Illustrations; Pioneers--Ohio; Indians of North America--Ohio; Native American history and society
Places: Ohio
 

Description: Caption reads: "Miamisburg Mound, Ohio, Montgomery County." The Miamisburg Mound is the largest conical burial mound in Ohio and possibly in the eastern United States. Archaeological investigations of the surrounding area suggest that it was constructed by the prehistoric Adena Culture (800 B.C.-A.D. 100). Built on a 100-foot-high bluff, the mound measures 877 feet (267.3 m) in circumference. It was originally more than 70 feet (21.33 m) high. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B05F08_004_1
Subjects: American Indians in Ohio; Geography and Natural Resources; Mounds (Burials); Adena Culture (800 B.C.–A.D. 100)
Places: Miamisburg (Ohio); Montgomery County (Ohio)
 

Description: Engraved portrait of Colonel John Johnston (1775-1861), who helped negotiate the Treaty of Upper Sandusky in 1842 and was a strong advocate of the Whig party. President James Madison selected Johnston as the Indian Agent overseeing the native reservations in northwestern Ohio. Johnston helped found Kenyon College and also served on the board of trustees of Miami University, in addition to publishing one of the earliest histories of the Native Americans that once called Ohio home. The portrait is taken from "Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio" by Henry Howe, 1907. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03983
Subjects: Piqua (Ohio); Ohio History--Presidents and Politics; Wyandot Indians--History; Miami University; Kenyon College
Places: Piqua (Ohio); Miami County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph shows Jim Thorpe catching a football in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Jim (James Francis) Thorpe was born in 1888 in Oklahoma to Hiram P. and Charlotte Thorpe. Both Hiram and Charlotte were of European and American Indian heritage and Jim was raised in the Sac and Fox tribes. In 1904 he was sent to a boarding school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania for American Indian children. While at Carlisle he played multiple sports, including football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and track. He left Carlisle in 1909 and 1910 to play professional baseball with teams in Eastern Carolina League in North Carolina. He returned to Carlisle in 1911 for two successful football seasons. In both 1911 and 1912 he was an All-American halfback for football. In 1912 he became the only person to win gold medals in both the pentathlon and decathlon at the Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden. His Olympic celebrity propelled him a three year contract playing professional baseball for the New York Giants. He also played baseball with the Boston Braves and Cincinnati Reds. However, it was as a professional football player that Thorpe was more successful and strongly tied to Ohio. He was associated with four professional or semi-professional football teams in Ohio as a player and coach: the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Oorang Indians based in LaRue, and the Portsmouth Shoe-Steels. His greatest success was with the Canton Bulldogs, which he led to win national championships in 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1919. From 1922-1923 he was a player and coach for the Oorang Indians, a National Football League team comprised of all native players. The majority of the Oorang Indians team members, like Thorpe, had played at Carlisle. The team owner, Robert Lingo, used the team and Thorpes celebrity to advertise his Oorang Kennels Company, particularly his Airedale terriers. Thorpe played another season with the Bulldogs in 1926 and then went to Portsmouth as a player-coach for the semi-professional Portsmouth Shoe-Steels in 1927. This was Thorpes last athletic job. During the 1930s and 1940s he worked a variety of jobs until he died of a heart attack in 1953. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV235_1_24
Subjects: Thorpe, Jim, 1887-1953; Carlisle Indian Industrial School; School sports
Places: Carlisle (Pennsylvania); Cumberland County (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Postcard illustrating Princess Red Feather. Born Tsianina Redfeather Blackstone, Princess Red Feather was of Cherokee descent and became a famous mezzo-soprano opera singer. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: NAM_MSS3_B02F84_A_1
Subjects: Indians of North America; Native American history and society; Musicians; Singers; Cherokee Indians
 

Description: Three photographs document events at the 1947 Treaty Camporee held in Greenville, Ohio. The first photograph was taken at the Altar of Peace, a monument built to commemorate the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. The second shows men reviewing the Treaty Camporee Pageant program. The reverse identifies various attendees as; standing, left to right: unidentified, John O. Marsh, Edwin C. Zepp, Fred D. Coppock, unidentified; seated, left to right: Mayor William Reed, Guy D. Hawley, Dr. F. C. Barr and E. L. Kohnle. The photographs measure 8" by 10" (20.32 by 25.4 cm). In 1795, the Treaty of Greenville ended the Indian Wars in Ohio. General Anthony Wayne defeated the American Indian confederacy led by Blue Jacket at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Abandoned by the British at Fort Miami, the American Indians agreed to a peace settlement. A year later, representatives from twelve tribes met at Greenville, in present-day Darke County, to negotiate with Wayne. Among the leaders were Little Turtle of the Miamis, Tarhe of the Wyandots, and Blue Jacket and Black Hoof of the Shawnees. The treaty confined the American Indians to northwestern Ohio. Despite Wayne's hope that the treaty would hold "as long as the woods grow and waters run," American Indians were removed to the West by the mid-nineteenth century. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3212_3831979_001
Subjects: Military Ohio; American Indians; Sports; Arts and entertainment; Treaty of Greenville; Celebrations
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)