Description: Typed on reverse: "Greenville Guide - Copied by F.W.P. Dayton, Ohio - June 21, 1938." This photograph shows drawings of various Native American artifact, such as tomahawks, and a peace pipe, copied from the Greenville Guide, Greenville, Ohio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_021_001
Subjects: Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Treaty of Greenville; American Indians in Ohio; Axes; Pipes (Smoking)
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Illustration showing the massacre of American Indians led by Colonel David Williamson of the Pennsylvania militia. In 1772, Moravian missionaries founded a mission for American Indians in the Ohio Country at Schoenbrunn ("Beautiful Spring" in German). Because of its success, Rev. David Zeisberger founded a second village in the same year at Gnadenhutten ("Tents of Grace" in German). Life at Gnadenhutten was similar to life at Schoenbrunn. On March 8 and 9, 1782, a group of Pennsylvania militiamen under the command of Williamson attacked the mission and the American Indians on site in retaliation for the deaths and kidnappings of several white Pennsylvanians, although this particular group of so-called "Christian Delaware" had recently returned from their new outpost at Upper Sandusky to forage for crops, and had no connection to the Pennsylvania attack. 28 men, 29 women and 39 children were killed, and the village burned. There were only two survivors, who informed Moravian missionaries and other American Indians as to what had occurred. This illustration comes from William Dean Howells' "Stories of Ohio" (1897). View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07916
Subjects: Gnadenhutten Massacre; Moravian Church--Missions--Ohio; American Indians in Ohio
Places: Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: This monument to the American Indians who were massacred at Gnadenhutten was erected in 1872. The inscription reads, "Here triumphed in death ninety Christian Indians March 8 1782." The photograph measures 8" x 10" (20.32 x 25.4 cm). Gnadenhutten, which means "huts of grace," was settled by Moravian missionaries and Mohican Indians in 1772. The Indians converted to Christianity, wore Western dress and lived in European-style villages. In September 1781, British troops tried to get the Indians to support them against the colonists in the Revolutionary War. When they refused, Indians at Gnadenhutten and nearby Schoenbrunn and Salem were rounded up and taken to present-day Sandusky County, Ohio. Conditions there were harsh, and in February a group of Indians were given permission to briefly return to Gnadenhutten to gather food. Once they arrived in Gnadenhutten, however, a force under Colonel Williamson accused them of stealing and raiding American settlements in Pennsylvania. After spending the night praying and singing, ninety Indians, including women and children, were killed on March 8, 1782 and Gnadenhutten was burned. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3151_3928602_001
Subjects: Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Monuments & memorials; Gnadenhutten Massacre
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. In January 1795, representatives from the various tribes met with Wayne at Fort Greene Ville. The Americans and natives spent the next eight months negotiating a treaty. It became known as the Treaty of Greeneville. On August 3, 1795, leaders of the Wyandot Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Ottawa Indians, the Miami Indians, the Eel River Indians, the Wea Indians, the Chippewa Indians, the Potawatomi Indians, the Kickapoo Indians, the Piankashaw Indians, and the Kaskaskia Indians formally signed the treaty. The natives agreed to relinquish all claims to land south and east of a boundary that began roughly at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. It ran southward to Fort Laurens and then turned westward to Fort Loramie and Fort Recovery. It then turned southward to the Ohio River. The Indians, however, could still hunt on the land that they ceded. The whites agreed to relinquish their claims to land north and west of the line, although the natives permitted the Americans to establish several trading posts in their territory. The United States also provided the Indians with $20,000 worth of goods for signing the treaty. The American government also agreed to give the natives $9,500 every year in goods. The Indians were to decide how the goods would be divided among them. Many Indians refused to honor the agreement. White settlers continued to move onto the contested land. Violence continued between these two peoples. Native American leaders like Tecumseh and the Prophet would emerge in the early 1800s to carry on the Indian struggle to regain their lost land. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_016_001
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Northwest Territory; Treaties; Treaty of Greenville; Forts and fortifications
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: This map bears the title "A Map of the Country on the Ohio and Muskingum Rivers Shewing the Situation of the Indian Towns with Respect to the Army under the Command of Colonel Bouquet." A second map on the same sheet is titled "A Survey of that part of the Indian Country through which Colonel Bouquet Marched in 1764 by Thomas Hutchins." The map, which measures 12.20 by 14.6 inches (31 x 37 cm), represents one of the oldest drawings of the Ohio country. It appeared in the book "An Historical Account of the Expedition Against the Ohio Indians, in the Year MDCCLXIV" published by William Smith in 1766. Colonel Henry Bouquet, an officer in the British military, led one of two expeditions from Fort Pitt to the Ohio country in 1764. Bouquet's mission was to obtain peace declarations from the American Indians and retrieve captives that had been taken during the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion. Thomas Hutchins recorded the sites of encampments Bouquet's men made during the 1764 expedition. Hutchins rendered the top portion of this map based on an earlier map he drew after he toured the Ohio country in 1762. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om2896_1980868_001
Subjects: Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Geography and Natural Resources; Maps; Rivers
Places: Northwest Territory
 

Description: On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. After long negotiation, on August 3, 1795, leaders of the many Indian tribes in the area met with Wayne at Fort Greenville to sign the Treaty of Greenville. As part of the treaty, the natives relinquished control of much of modern day Ohio. Depicted in the photograph are some of the Indian signatures to the Treaty of Greenville. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_004
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Northwest Territory; Treaties; Treaty of Greenville; Forts and fortifications
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Three 5" by 7" (12.7 by 17.8 cm) photographs depict some of the celebrations in honor of the 150th anniversary of the Treaty of Greenville, which took place in August 1945. Events included a parade, an appreciation dinner for artist Howard Chandler Christy, and exhibition of the original Treaty of Greenville, on loan from the National Archives. The state of Ohio commissioned Christy (1873-1952), a nationally-known illustrator, to create the work for the 150th anniversary of the treaty that ended the Indian Wars in Ohio. The painting "The Signing of the Treaty of Greene Ville" was unveiled in a ceremony on August 3. Christy (in the white suit) can be seen sitting on the left in the first and second images. Governor Frank Lausche is seated next to him and can be seen addressing the crowd in the third image. Christy, born just south of Zanesville in Duncan Falls, Ohio, went to New York to study art at the age of sixteen. He began working at Scribner's Magazine in 1898 as an illustrator. During the Spanish American War, his illustrations of Cuba and Puerto Rico were seen around the United States. He returned to Duncan Falls after the war and began painting. By the early twentieth century Christy's elegant illustrations of women, collectively called "Christy Girls," appeared in Scribner's, Century, Ladies Home Journal, McClure's, and several books. Christy Girls were also used in recruitment posters during World War I. Christy began painting portraits after World War I; his best-known subjects were Calvin Coolidge, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Amelia Earhart, and Douglas MacArthur. The Depression of the 1930s changed Christy's artistic emphasis to historical subjects. In addition to the Greenville painting, Christy painted the "Scene of the Signing of the Constitution of the United States," which hangs in the Capitol in Washington, DC. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3220_3832019_001a
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Arts and Entertainment; Christy, Howard Chandler, 1873-1952; Treaty of Greenville; Treaties; Celebrations; Lausche, Frank John, b. 1895; Governors; Artists
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Dated ca. 1935-1940, this is a photograph of a plaque which reads "Burial Place of Remains of Indian Martyrs. 1782--1798." In the nine-acre plot at Gnadenhutten, German for "Tents of Grace," is a stone monument commemorating the 96 Christian American Indians massacred in 1872 by white men. They are buried in the mound inside the park. After David Zeisberger had established Moravian missions for the Indians at Schoenbrunn, a group of Christian Indians led by Joshua, a Mohican elder, came in 1772 and founded Gnadenhutten. Surrounded by American Indian groups, a ring of British forts on the west, and freebooters in nearby settlements, the little community held on until 1781 when a white renegade, Elliott, and Delware (Lenape) chiefs, Captain Pipe and Half-King, forced the American Indians at Gnadenhutten to move to the Sandusky plains. The winter was severe and their meager supplies ran low. In February of the following year, a large group returned to the Tuscarawas valley to salvage what they could of the crops remaining in the fields. At the same time, a punitive expedition under Captain David Williamson left Pennsylvania for Gnadenhutten, arriving on March 7, the day before the American Indians were to return to Sandusky. Feigning friendship, the soldiers easily succeeded in disarming the men, and imprisoned them in one building, placing the women and children in another. The American Indians spend the night in prayer, while the militiamen got drunk. At dawn, the executions began. One soldier felled fourteen American Indians before he relinquished his tomahawk. Gnadenhutten was pillaged and burned. Two American Indian boys who had been scalped escaped to Schoenbrunn to warn their fellow Christians. This heinous massacre further aroused Ohio natives against the white Americans. This photograph is one of the many visual materials collected for use in the Ohio Guide. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Works Progress Administration by executive order to create jobs for the large numbers of unemployed laborers, as well as artists, musicians, actors, and writers. The Federal Arts Program, a sector of the Works Progress Administration, included the Federal Writers’ Project, one of the primary goals of which was to complete the America Guide series, a series of guidebooks for each state which included state history, art, architecture, music, literature, and points of interest to the major cities and tours throughout the state. Work on the Ohio Guide began in 1935 with the publication of several pamphlets and brochures. The Reorganization Act of 1939 consolidated the Works Progress Administration and other agencies into the Federal Works Administration, and the Federal Writers’ Project became the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio. The final product was published in 1940 and went through several editions. The Ohio Guide Collection consists of 4,769 photographs collected for use in Ohio Guide and other publications of the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio from 1935-1939. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B15F01_021
Subjects: American Indians in Ohio; American Indian history; Tuscarawas County (Ohio); Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Gnadenhutten Massacre, Gnadenhutten, Ohio, 1782
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas (Ohio)
 

Description: Three photographs document events at the 1947 Treaty Camporee held in Greenville, Ohio. The first photograph was taken at the Altar of Peace, a monument built to commemorate the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. The second shows men reviewing the Treaty Camporee Pageant program. The reverse identifies various attendees as; standing, left to right: unidentified, John O. Marsh, Edwin C. Zepp, Fred D. Coppock, unidentified; seated, left to right: Mayor William Reed, Guy D. Hawley, Dr. F. C. Barr and E. L. Kohnle. The photographs measure 8" by 10" (20.32 by 25.4 cm). In 1795, the Treaty of Greenville ended the Indian Wars in Ohio. General Anthony Wayne defeated the American Indian confederacy led by Blue Jacket at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Abandoned by the British at Fort Miami, the American Indians agreed to a peace settlement. A year later, representatives from twelve tribes met at Greenville, in present-day Darke County, to negotiate with Wayne. Among the leaders were Little Turtle of the Miamis, Tarhe of the Wyandots, and Blue Jacket and Black Hoof of the Shawnees. The treaty confined the American Indians to northwestern Ohio. Despite Wayne's hope that the treaty would hold "as long as the woods grow and waters run," American Indians were removed to the West by the mid-nineteenth century. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3212_3831979_001
Subjects: Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Sports; Arts and Entertainment; Treaty of Greenville; Celebrations; Anniversaries
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Named for the broad Muskingum floodplain, the three-acre Big Bottom park is the site of a skirmish between Ohio Company settlers and some Delaware and Wyandot Indians on January 2, 1791. The Big Bottom massacre marked the start of four years of frontier warfare in Ohio, which only stopped when General Anthony Wayne and the Indian tribes signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. The site is operated by the Ohio Historical Society. The memorial is located in Morgan County, Ohio. The photograph was taken ca. 1940-1949. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00390
Subjects: Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Monuments & memorials; Parks
Places: Morgan County (Ohio)
 

Description: Caption reads: " Facsimile of Wayne's Treaty." Photographic copy of the Treaty of Greeneville, signed August 3, 1795, at Fort Greene Ville (the present site of Greenville, Ohio). As a result of the treaty, which was negotiated by General Anthony Wayne, representatives from the Miami Indians, the Wyandot Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Delaware Indians, and several other tribes agreed to move to the northwestern part of what is present-day Ohio. In doing so, they left behind their lands south and east of the agreed upon boundary. Not all Indians concurred with the treaty, and bloodshed continued in the region for the next twenty years as Americans and Indians struggled for control. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_001_001
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Northwest Territory; Treaties; Treaty of Greenville
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Reverse reads "Darke Co., Greenville, O., March 25, 1938. Facsimile of Wayne's Treaty (also see #28 and #29) On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. In January 1795, representatives from the various tribes met with Wayne at Fort Greene Ville. The Americans and natives spent the next eight months negotiating a treaty. It became known as the Treaty of Greeneville. On August 3, 1795, leaders of the Wyandot Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Ottawa Indians, the Miami Indians, the Eel River Indians, the Wea Indians, the Chippewa Indians, the Potawatomi Indians, the Kickapoo Indians, the Piankashaw Indians, and the Kaskaskia Indians formally signed the treaty. The natives agreed to relinquish all claims to land south and east of a boundary that began roughly at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. It ran southward to Fort Laurens and then turned westward to Fort Loramie and Fort Recovery. It then turned southward to the Ohio River. The Indians, however, could still hunt on the land that they ceded. The whites agreed to relinquish their claims to land north and west of the line, although the natives permitted the Americans to establish several trading posts in their territory. The United States also provided the Indians with $20,000 worth of goods for signing the treaty. The American government also agreed to give the natives $9,500 every year in goods. The Indians were to decide how the goods would be divided among them. Many Indians refused to honor the agreement. White settlers continued to move onto the contested land. Violence continued between these two peoples. Native American leaders like Tecumseh and the Prophet would emerge in the early 1800s to carry on the Indian struggle to regain their lost land. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_002_001
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Northwest Territory; Treaties; Treaty of Greenville
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)