Description: General Rufus Putnam created this map of Ohio in 1804, one year after Ohio became a state. He made the map, one of the first maps of the state, while serving as general surveyor of the United States. It measures 14.5 by 18.75 inches (36.83 by 47.62 cm) and shows the boundary between Ohio and American Indian lands, marking several forts in the Northwest Territory, including Fort Defiance, Fort Wayne, and Fort Recovery. Rufus Putnam (1738-1824), a Massachusetts native, rose to prominence as a Revolutionary War officer and founder of the Ohio Company. As superintendent of the company, Putnam oversaw the construction of the stockade Campus Martius and laid out a plan for the town of Marietta. He served as a member of the Ohio Territorial Legislature in 1801, a representative from Washington County at the first Ohio constitutional convention, and a trustee of Ohio University. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om1364_1160640_001
Subjects: Geography and Natural Resources; Military Ohio; Forts & fortifications; Maps; Putnam, Rufus, 1738-1824
Places: Marietta (Ohio); Washington County (Ohio); Ohio
 

Description: View on Ohio Memory.
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Description: This image shows the Fort Steuben Bridge near Steubenville, Ohio. The bridge was demolished on February 12, 2012. The demolition of the bridge was not a universally accepted idea. Bicyclists and trail enthusiasts began a campaign back in 2007 to save the bridge in order for it to be the Ohio River crossing for a bike trail that will ultimately run from Washington, D.C. to Indianapolis. The bike trail concept ran into opposition because the Ohio portal access is to Ohio 7, a divided expressway. In 1786, the United States government built Fort Steuben within the area known as the Seven Ranges, in what is now southeastern Ohio. The federal government had arranged for a survey of this area in order to prepare for the settlement of the Northwest Territory. Fort Steuben served two purposes: troops stationed at the fort were supposed to keep illegal settlers from moving into Ohio, and the surveyors of the Seven Ranges used the fort as a base of operations. The fort, which was destroyed in a fire in 1790, did not deter people from moving into the Seven Ranges. After the fort was abandoned, these settlers established a town, which became known as Steubenville. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06508
Subjects: Bridges--Ohio River; Bicycles; Steubenville (Ohio); Forts & fortifications; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood;
Places: Steubenville (Ohio); Jefferson County (Ohio)
 

Description: Caption reads; "Ground Plan of Fort Greene Ville. This encampment covered about fifty acres and was the largest and most formitable log fortification erected on the Ohio frontier. Erected by Gen. Wayne 1793-1794 on present site of Greenville, Ohio. From Survey of Jas. McBride, Hamilition, Ohio." View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_005_001
Subjects: Architecture--Ohio--Pictorial works.; Architectural drawings; Forts and fortifications; Geography and Natural Resources; Maps
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. In January 1795, representatives from the various tribes met with Wayne at Fort Greene Ville. The Americans and natives spent the next eight months negotiating a treaty. It became known as the Treaty of Greeneville. On August 3, 1795, leaders of the Wyandot Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Ottawa Indians, the Miami Indians, the Eel River Indians, the Wea Indians, the Chippewa Indians, the Potawatomi Indians, the Kickapoo Indians, the Piankashaw Indians, and the Kaskaskia Indians formally signed the treaty. The natives agreed to relinquish all claims to land south and east of a boundary that began roughly at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. It ran southward to Fort Laurens and then turned westward to Fort Loramie and Fort Recovery. It then turned southward to the Ohio River. The Indians, however, could still hunt on the land that they ceded. The whites agreed to relinquish their claims to land north and west of the line, although the natives permitted the Americans to establish several trading posts in their territory. The United States also provided the Indians with $20,000 worth of goods for signing the treaty. The American government also agreed to give the natives $9,500 every year in goods. The Indians were to decide how the goods would be divided among them. Many Indians refused to honor the agreement. White settlers continued to move onto the contested land. Violence continued between these two peoples. Native American leaders like Tecumseh and the Prophet would emerge in the early 1800s to carry on the Indian struggle to regain their lost land. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_006_001
Subjects: Military Ohio; Architecture--Ohio--Pictorial works.; Treaty of Greenville; Forts and fortifications
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Caption reads; "View of Fort Greene Ville from a reconstructed drawing." On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. In January 1795, representatives from the various tribes met with Wayne at Fort Greene Ville. The Americans and natives spent the next eight months negotiating a treaty. It became known as the Treaty of Greeneville. On August 3, 1795, leaders of the Wyandot Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Ottawa Indians, the Miami Indians, the Eel River Indians, the Wea Indians, the Chippewa Indians, the Potawatomi Indians, the Kickapoo Indians, the Piankashaw Indians, and the Kaskaskia Indians formally signed the treaty. The natives agreed to relinquish all claims to land south and east of a boundary that began roughly at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. It ran southward to Fort Laurens and then turned westward to Fort Loramie and Fort Recovery. It then turned southward to the Ohio River. The Indians, however, could still hunt on the land that they ceded. The whites agreed to relinquish their claims to land north and west of the line, although the natives permitted the Americans to establish several trading posts in their territory. The United States also provided the Indians with $20,000 worth of goods for signing the treaty. The American government also agreed to give the natives $9,500 every year in goods. The Indians were to decide how the goods would be divided among them. Many Indians refused to honor the agreement. White settlers continued to move onto the contested land. Violence continued between these two peoples. Native American leaders like Tecumseh and the Prophet would emerge in the early 1800s to carry on the Indian struggle to regain their lost land. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_007_001
Subjects: Military Ohio; Architecture--Ohio--Pictorial works.; Treaty of Greenville; Forts and fortifications
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Three photographs document the site of Fort St. Clair near Eaton, Ohio. Fort St. Clair was built in 1792 by General James Wilkinson as a supply post on the Ohio frontier. On November 6, 1792, Fort St. Clair was attacked by Miami chief Mishikinakwa (Little Turtle) and more than 200 of his men. The fort was later used as a supply stop by General "Mad" Anthony Wayne, who achieved a decisive victory against the region's American Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Fort St. Clair Park was created in 1923 to commemorate the site. The photographs measure 8" x 10" (20.32 x 25.4 cm). View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3077_3671446_001
Subjects: Military Ohio; Plants and Animals; Forts & fortifications; Bridges; Trees; Columns
Places: Eaton (Ohio); Preble County (Ohio)
 

Description: Two photographs document the reconstructed Fort Recovery in Mercer County. Fort Recovery was built on the site of General Arthur St. Clair's defeat in 1791. General "Mad" Anthony Wayne ordered the fort to be constructed in December 1793 to use as a staging area for his campaign against the regions American Indians who were defending their lands against encroaching white settlement. In spring 1794, a group made up of members of the Shawnee, Delaware, Ottawa, Miami, and Ojibwe Tribes attacked a supply wagon near the fort. Wayne's troops defeated the American Indians, setting the stage for a final victory against three months later at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3102_3737108_002
Subjects: Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Forts & fortifications
Places: Fort Recovery (Ohio); Mercer County (Ohio)
 

Description: These postcards show a recreation of the pioneer landing that originally took place at the confluence of the Muskingum and Ohio rivers on April 7, 1788, in present-day Marietta. The 1938 celebrations included the re-enactment as well as a parade, all celebrating the 150-year anniversary of the arrival of 48 settlers by way of flatboat from New England. Under the Ordinance of 1787 and led by General Rufus Putnam, the Ohio Company of Associates settlers established Marietta as the first organized American community in the Northwest Territory. Many of the settlers were former officers of the Revolutionary War, who had been paid for their service with warrants for land by the fledgling United States government as a result of the scarcity of cash after the war. By the end of 1788, approximately 137 people inhabited the area, presided over by Governor Arthur St. Clair. The six postcards measure approximately 5.5 by 3.5 inches (13.97 by 8.89 cm). Located within the Marietta settlement, Campus Martius was a fort that served as a home for some of the pioneers and provided protection against attacks from Native Americans. It was named for the ancient Field of Mars, where the Roman military trained. The present-day Campus Martius Museum became a part of the Ohio Historical Society in 1918, focusing on the subject of migration in Ohio's history. The restored home of Rufus Putnam, which was a part of the original fort, was later enclosed within a wing of the museum. The Ohio Company's Land Office is located behind the museum. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3389_5759486_001
Subjects: Ohio Government; Anniversaries; Celebrations; Floats (Parades); Forts & fortifications; Campus Martius (Marietta, Ohio); Land Grants; Muskingum River (Ohio); Ohio River; Parades & processions
Places: Marietta (Ohio); Washington County (Ohio)
 

Description: On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. In January 1795, representatives from the various tribes met with Wayne at Fort Greene Ville. The Americans and natives spent the next eight months negotiating a treaty. It became known as the Treaty of Greeneville. On August 3, 1795, leaders of the Wyandot Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Ottawa Indians, the Miami Indians, the Eel River Indians, the Wea Indians, the Chippewa Indians, the Potawatomi Indians, the Kickapoo Indians, the Piankashaw Indians, and the Kaskaskia Indians formally signed the treaty. The natives agreed to relinquish all claims to land south and east of a boundary that began roughly at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. It ran southward to Fort Laurens and then turned westward to Fort Loramie and Fort Recovery. It then turned southward to the Ohio River. The Indians, however, could still hunt on the land that they ceded. The whites agreed to relinquish their claims to land north and west of the line, although the natives permitted the Americans to establish several trading posts in their territory. The United States also provided the Indians with $20,000 worth of goods for signing the treaty. The American government also agreed to give the natives $9,500 every year in goods. The Indians were to decide how the goods would be divided among them. Many Indians refused to honor the agreement. White settlers continued to move onto the contested land. Violence continued between these two peoples. Native American leaders like Tecumseh and the Prophet would emerge in the early 1800s to carry on the Indian struggle to regain their lost land. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_016_001
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Northwest Territory; Treaties; Treaty of Greenville; Forts and fortifications
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Monument on the site of Fort Recovery in Mercer County, Ohio, ca. 1955-1970. The monument was built in 1913. The fort was built in 1793-1794 by soldiers under the command of General Anthony Wayne on the site where soldiers under General Arthur St. Clair's command were defeated by a confederacy American Indian tribes. Wayne's forces succeeded in defending the fort and bringing an end to military conflict between the region's American Indian tribes and settlers in the territory that became the state of Ohio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL01007
Subjects: Forts & fortifications; Monuments; Other--Ohio Historical Society
Places: Mercer County (Ohio)
 

Description: The woodlands near Fort Necessity in the Findlay area. This fort was built by the order of General William Hull. His army of nearly 2000 men rested here and made paper cartridge before moving north with a slow wagon train to Detroit. It consisted of a block house and stockade and served no function. Eventually, General Hull surrendered. This park is dedicated to General William Hull. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06562
Subjects: War of 1812; Forts & fortifications; Findlay (Ohio); Hancock County (Ohio)
Places: Findlay (Ohio); Hancock County (Ohio)