Description: Dated ca. 1907-1912, this photograph shows the barracks at Carlisle Indian Industrial School. Founded by the United States government in 1879, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School was a boarding school for American Indian peoples. Students were taught common school subjects, such as English, history, and math, and also learned professional trade skills for their careers after school. Many American Indians criticized the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, and other boarding schools for native youths, because the schools forced children to leave their families and abandon their native language and culture. Jim Thorpe attended the Carlisle Indian Industrial School as a young man. Jim Thorpe, a Sac and Fox Native, was an American athlete, playing professional football and baseball, and an Olympic track gold medalist. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV235_1_9
Subjects: Carlisle Indian Industrial School; Thorpe, Jim 1887-1953; American Indian athletes--United States--History; American Indian history; Education
Places: Carlisle (Pennsylvania); Cumberland County (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Dated ca. 1907-1912, this photograph shows the Carlisle Indian Industrial School football team, possibly in pregame warmup. One of the players pictured here is Jim Thorpe, a Sac and Fox Native, who was an American athlete, playing professional football and baseball, and an Olympic track gold medalist. Founded by the United States government in 1879, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School was a boarding school for American Indian peoples. Students were taught common school subjects, such as English, history, and math, and also learned professional trade skills for their careers after school. Many American Indians criticized the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, and other boarding schools for native youths, because the schools forced children to leave their families and abandon their native language and culture. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV235_1_23
Subjects: Carlisle Indian Industrial School; Thorpe, Jim 1887-1953; American Indian athletes--United States--History; American Indian history; Education
Places: Carlisle (Pennsylvania); Cumberland County (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Dated ca. 1907-1912, this photograph shows a classroom at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. One of the students pictured here is Jim Thorpe, a Sac and Fox Native, who was an American athlete, playing professional football and baseball, and an Olympic track gold medalist. Founded by the United States government in 1879, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School was a boarding school for American Indian peoples. Students were taught common school subjects, such as English, history, and math, and also learned professional trade skills for their careers after school. Many American Indians criticized the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, and other boarding schools for native youths, because the schools forced children to leave their families and abandon their native language and culture. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV235_1_25
Subjects: Carlisle Indian Industrial School; Thorpe, Jim 1887-1953; American Indian athletes--United States--History; American Indian history; Education
Places: Carlisle (Pennsylvania); Cumberland County (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: This map shows American Indian trails and war roads throughout the southwestern Ohio region, dating from the last decades of the 18th century. Also identified on the map are locations of towns, camps and settlements; millitary forts and stockades; important natural resources; sites of battles during the Ohio Indian Wars; and other points of interest. According to the title, the map was drawn by Morten Carlisle and published in 1930, and was compiled from a map by R. G. Lewis and Walter M. Dawley with the aid of W. H. Burtner and John B. Hunley. The original map has been split into six pieces. The final digital image shows these pieces positioned in their original order. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MAPVFM0434_4_01
Subjects: American Indian history; American Indians--Maps; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood; American Indian tribal leaders; Battlefields;
Places: Southwestern Ohio
 

Description: Illustration of Simon Girty, Ohio Country frontiersman, printed in Volume 6 of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Girty was born in Chambers Mill, Pennsylvania, in 1741. During the French and Indian War, his family sought refuge in Fort Granville, which was captured in 1755 by an army of French soldiers and native Indians. Girty eventually found himself in the hands of the Seneca Indians who took him to the Ohio Country and adopted him. His knowledge of Indian culture and language was highly sought after during the American Revolutionary War as both the British and Americans hoped to secure alliances with various local tribes. Girty first aligned himself with the Americans. However, he was discharged from the American military in 1777 and afterwards offered his help to the British. After the war, Girty continued to aid the Indians of the Ohio Country in resisting further settlement of the Ohio Country, participating in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. He eventually moved to Canada, where he died in 1818. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SC2697_Girty_001
Subjects: American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783; American Indians in Ohio; Fallen Timbers, Battle of, Ohio, 1794; Forts & fortifications; American Indian history; American Indians--Warfare; American Indians; Ohio History; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood
Places: Ohio
 

Description: Illustration of Simon Girty, Ohio Country frontiersman, from "History of Ohio in Words of One Syllable" by Anne Cole Cady, printed in "An Ohio Portrait" by George W. Knepper. Girty was born in Chambers Mill, Pennsylvania, in 1741. During the French and Indian War, his family sought refuge in Fort Granville, which was captured in 1755 by an army of French soldiers and native Indians. Girty eventually found himself in the hands of the Seneca Indians who took him to the Ohio Country and adopted him. His knowledge of Indian culture and language was highly sought after during the American Revolutionary War as both the British and Americans hoped to secure alliances with various local tribes. Girty first aligned himself with the Americans. However, he was discharged from the American military in 1777 and afterwards offered his help to the British. After the war, Girty continued to aid the Indians of the Ohio Country in resisting further settlement of the Ohio Country, participating in the Ba View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SC2697_Girty_002
Subjects: American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783; American Indians in Ohio; Fallen Timbers, Battle of, Ohio, 1794; Forts & fortifications; American Indian history; American Indians--Warfare; American Indians; Ohio History; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood
Places: Ohio
 

Description: Photograph showing Short Bull, the oldest living Mandan Indian, at 72 years old. Short Bull died in 1907. He is seen here at Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in western North Dakota, surrounded by his grandchildren. The Mandan are an American Indian tribe thought to have originated in the Ohio River Valley area, but who migrated to the region of the Heart River in modern-day North Dakota. In the 1930s, the Mandan joined with the Hidatsa and the Arikara peoples into the Three Affiliated Tribes, also known as the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: P129_B01_F07_001_A
Subjects: American Indian history and society; American Indians--Portraits; Ohio History--Natural and Native Ohio; Families
Places: Fort Berthold (North Dakota)
 

Description: This calumet, or ceremonial pipe, seen here in two views, was used at the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Possibly crafted by a member of one of the tribes who were signatories on the treaty, it is made of red catlinite with inlaid metal designs and a carved wooden stem, and was one of several pipes smoked by participants over the course of solemnizing the treaty negotiations. General Anthony Wayne defeated the American Indian confederacy led by Blue Jacket at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Abandoned by the British at Fort Miami, the American Indians agreed to a peace settlement. A year later, representatives from twelve tribes met at Greenville, in present-day Darke County, to negotiate with Wayne. Among the leaders were Little Turtle of the Miami, Tarhe of the Wyandot, and Blue Jacket and Black Hoof of the Shawnee. The treaty confined the American Indians to northwestern Ohio. Despite Wayne's hope that the treaty would hold "as long as the woods grow and waters run" American Indians were removed to the West by the mid-19th century. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: H39471_1
Subjects: American Indian history and society; Wayne, Anthony, 1745 - 1796; American Indian tribal leaders; Treaty of Greenville; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood;
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio);
 

Description: This image shows John Johnston's estate in Piqua, Ohio. John Johnston (also spelled Johnson) was an Indian Agent in Ohio in the early years of the new state. He was born in 1775 in Ireland. While he was a young child, his family moved to Pennsylvania. Johnston participated in Anthony Wayne's assault on American Indians living in the Northwest Territory during the early 1790s. President James Madison selected Johnston as the Indian Agent overseeing the native reservations in northwestern Ohio. He served in this position for more than thirty years until the 1840s. His office was located in Piqua. Johnston played an important political and social role in Ohio as well. He was a strong advocate of the Whig Party. He helped found Kenyon College and also served on the board of trustees of Miami University. Johnston also published one of the earliest histories of the American Indians that once called Ohio home. He died in 1861 in Washington, DC. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06522
Subjects: American Indian history and society; Land settlement--Ohio; American Indian agents
Places: Piqua (Ohio); Miami County (Ohio)
 

Description: This image shows Fort Recovery, which stands on the spot where Fort St. Clair once stood.In December 1793, General Anthony Wayne ordered one United States artillery unit and eight infantry companies to the site of St. Clair's Defeat. The soldiers were to construct a fort on the former battlefield. Wayne intended to use this fort as a staging area for his assault against the region's American Indian tribes in the spring of 1794. He named the stockade Fort Recovery. Following the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794, most American Indians realized they had little chance in stopping white settlement of their lands. In August 1795, many of the area's tribes agreed to sign the Treaty of Greeneville. They gave up all claims to land south and east of a line that extended south from Lake Erie, along the Cuyahoga River, to the Tuscarawas River, and then to Fort Laurens. From Fort Laurens, the line ran west to Fort Loramie, then northwest to Fort Recovery, and then straight south to the Ohio River. Anthony Wayne had secured from the American Indians the majority of modern-day Ohio with the exception of the northwestern corner of the state. The city of Fort Recovery, Ohio, stands today on the site of the frontier fort. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06521
Subjects: American Indian history and society; Fort St. Clair (Ohio); American frontier
Places: Fort Recovery (Ohio); Mercer County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph shows Olympic athlete and professional football player Jim Thorpe, ca. 1920-1929. Jim (James Francis) Thorpe was born in 1888 in Oklahoma to Hiram P. and Charlotte Thorpe. Both Hiram and Charlotte were of European and American Indian heritage and Jim was raised in the Sac and Fox tribes. In 1904 he was sent to a boarding school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania for American Indian children. While at Carlisle he played multiple sports, including football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and track. He left Carlisle in 1909 and 1910 to play professional baseball with teams in Eastern Carolina League in North Carolina. He returned to Carlisle in 1911 for two successful football seasons. In both 1911 and 1912 he was an All-American halfback for football. In 1912 he became the only person to win gold medals in both the pentathlon and decathlon at the Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden. His Olympic celebrity propelled him a three year contract playing professional baseball for the New York Giants. He also played baseball with the Boston Braves and Cincinnati Reds. However, it was as a professional football player that Thorpe was more successful and strongly tied to Ohio. He was associated with four professional or semi-professional football teams in Ohio as a player and coach: the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Oorang Indians based in LaRue, and the Portsmouth Shoe-Steels. His greatest success was with the Canton Bulldogs, which he led to win national championships in 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1919. From 1922-1923 he was a player and coach for the Oorang Indians, a National Football League team comprised of all native players. The majority of the Oorang Indians team members, like Thorpe, had played at Carlisle. The team owner, Robert Lingo, used the team and Thorpes celebrity to advertise his Oorang Kennels Company, particularly his Airedale terriers. Thorpe played another season with the Bulldogs in 1926 and then went to Portsmouth as a player-coach for the semi-professional Portsmouth Shoe-Steels in 1927. This was Thorpes last athletic job. During the 1930s and 1940s he worked a variety of jobs until he died of a heart attack in 1953. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02916
Subjects: Thorpe, Jim, 1887-1953; Football--Ohio--History; American Indian athletes--United States--History
 

Description: The once-massive limestone rock outcropping standing in the Maumee River known as Roche de Boeuf has marked many events in the history of the Maumee Valley. It was a legendary site for American Indians and the place where they gathered before the Battle of Fallen Timbers in August 1794. Early records indicate a nearby French settlement in the 1700s was called both Roche de Bout and Roche de Boeuf (spelled here Rouche de Boeuf), but for the last hundred years or so the latter has been most frequently used for both the rock and the lost settlement. About one-third of the rock was destroyed when the railroad bridge was built which caused a great controversy. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07687
Subjects: American Indian history and society; Ohio History--Natural and Native Ohio; Maumee River (Ind. and Ohio); Geology--Ohio
Places: Waterville (Ohio); Lucas County (Ohio)