Description: This is a photograph of the unveiling ceremony for the memorial marking the former location of Fort Sandoski, also known as Fort Sandusky, on May 30, 1912. Colonel James Webb Cook Hayes, son of President and former Ohio Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, delivered the ceremonial address. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06140
Subjects: American Indians in Ohio; Forts & fortifications; Pontiac, d. 1769
Places: Sandusky (Ohio); Erie County (Ohio)
 

Description: Three photographs depict part of the commemoration in honor of the 150th anniversary of the Treaty of Greenville in August 1945. The first photograph shows the commemoration headquarters, housed in a 100-year-old cabin that was reconstructed in the Greenville town square. Several Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society (now the Ohio Historical Society) board members can be seen in front of the cabin, from left to right: Harlow Lindley, secretary; A. C. Johnson, president; and Henry C. Shetrone, director. The Treaty of Greenville was displayed in the cabin August 1-3. Two soldiers can be seen guarding the treaty in the second image. Other events included a parade, an appreciation dinner for Howard Chandler Christy and the unveiling of the his painting "The Signing of the Treaty of Greene Ville." These photographs measure 5" by 7" (12.7 by 17.8 cm). The Treaty of Greenville is part of the collections of the National Archives. This event was the first time the document had been removed from the archives of the United States. The treaty bears not only the signatures and seals of General Wayne and the Indian chiefs but also includes the ratification of the United States Senate signed by President George Washington. Mrs. Elizabeth E. Hammer was the official custodian of the document. She accompanied the treaty on its journey from Washington D.C. to the headquarters of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society in Columbus, then to the office of Governor Frank J. Lausche, and then to the Sesquicentennial Celebration at Greenville. In 1795, the Treaty of Greenville ended the Indian Wars in Ohio. The American Indian confederacy led by Blue Jacket was defeated by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Abandoned by the British at Fort Miami, the American Indians agreed to a peace settlement. A year later, representatives from twelve tribes met at Greenville, in present-day Darke County, to negotiate with Wayne. Among the leaders were Little Turtle of the Miamis, Tarhe of the Wyandots, and Blue Jacket and Black Hoof of the Shawnees. The treaty confined the American Indians to northwestern Ohio. Despite Wayne's hope that the treaty would hold "as long as the woods grow and waters run," American Indians were removed to the West by the mid-nineteenth century. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3213_3832005_001
Subjects: Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Ohio Government; Arts and Entertainment; Treaty of Greenville; Treaties; Celebrations; Soldiers; Guards; Anniversaries; Ohio Historical Society
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Caption reads: "Section of Cleveland's lake front, including Cleveland Stadium and part of the Mall, seen from Forty-Fourth (44th) floor of Terminal Tower Bldg, Cleveland, Ohio." This photograph shows a section of Cleveland along Lake Erie and a part of Lakeside Avenue, from the Cuyahoga County Courthouse to Cleveland City Hall. Also visible are Cleveland Municipal Stadium, The Standard Building and The Mall, which used to feature an outdoor amphitheater. There are also several boats and docks along the waterfront. The Cuyahoga County Courthouse, located at 1 Lakeside Avenue, is a four-story pink granite structure, completed in 1912 by designed by architects Lehman and Schmidt in the French Classical Revival (Beaux-Arts) style. The Lakeside Avenue facade is decorated with figures in white Tennessee marble of men important in the development of English law; before the north entrance are bronze statues of John Marshall and Rufus Ray, and before the south of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. Sculptors were Herbert Adams, Karl Bitter, and Daniel Chester French. Notable among the works of art in the building is a mural decoration, 'The Trial of Captain John Smith', by Charles Yardley Turner, which portrays a scene at Smith's trial for treason and mutiny in 1607. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It now houses the Cleveland Law Library Association. Cleveland City Hall, located at Lakeside Avenue and East 6th (Sixth) Street is a five-story steel-frame and concrete structure with Vermont granite exterior was designed by J. Milton Dyer in the Renaissance style in 1916 at a cost of $3 million dollars. It has arcaded ground story, a 2-story Tuscan colonnade, and a central entrance bay characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style and was the first such structure built for and owned by the city. The Council Chambers underwent major restorations in 1951 and 1977. In 1994, a major exterior renovation costing $2.9 million took place for the first time in the building's history. Cleveland Stadium, located at the foot of West 3rd (Third) Street, is built of gray-white brick and cost $3 million dollars to build. It opened July 3, 1931, for the heavyweight championship fight between Max Schmeling and Young Stribling. Designed by Walker and Weeks, the two-deck stadium had a seating capacity of 78, 189, which could be augmented by temporary seats to total 100,000. Batteries of floodlights make night events possible. Sometimes called Cleveland Municipal Stadium and/or Lakefront Stadium, this multipurpose building was the home for first the Cleveland Rams, then Cleveland Browns (football) and the Cleveland Indians (baseball). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987 and demolished to make way for new modern facilities in 1996 (Cleveland Browns Stadium). The Standard Building, located at 1370 Ontario Street in Cleveland, Ohio was originally called the ‘Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Cooperative National Bank Building and later the Standard Bank Building) is a high-rise office tower. Rising to a height of 282 feet, the Standard Building was the second tallest building in Cleveland when it was completed in 1925. Three of its four sides are clad in cream-colored terra cotta with a recurring starburst motif. The south face, which can be seen from Public Square, is unadorned and windowless. It was designed by Knox and Elliot architects, and was built for $7 million. It is owned by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen. During the Great Depression, Standard Bank ran into financial difficulties and was sold by the BLE. It merged with two other Cleveland banks in 1930, forming Standard Trust Bank. This bank subsequently failed in 1931 and its assets were liquidated. From World War II through the 1960s, the bank lobby served as an indoctrination center for draftees. In the 1940s the building housed Cleveland College, a downtown campus of Western Reserve University, and was the last building of that campus. The 1903 Group Plan by Daniel Burnham, John Carrère, and Arnold W. Brunner as a vast public room flanked by the city's major civic and governmental buildings, all built in the neoclassical style. Many of those buildings along this long public park were built over the following three decades, including the Metzenbaum Courthouse (1910), Cuyahoga County Courthouse (1912), Cleveland City Hall (1916), Public Auditorium (1922), the Cleveland Public Library main building (1925), and the Cleveland Public Schools Board of Education building (1931). Other buildings include Key Tower, the Cuyahoga County Administration Building, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. The Mall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B04F08_22_01
Subjects: Cleveland (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.; County courts--Ohio; Brunner, Arnold W. (Arnold William), 1857-1925; Burnham, D. H. (Daniel Hudson), 1846-1912; Carrère, John Merven, 1858-1911; Turner, Charles Yardley, 1850-; Adams, Herbert, 1858-1945; Bitter, Karl Theodore Francis, 1867-1915; French
Places: Cleveland (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph shows Jim Thorpe kicking a football. Jim Thorpe attended the Carlisle Indian Industrial School as a young man. Jim (James Francis) Thorpe was born in 1888 in Oklahoma to Hiram P. and Charlotte Thorpe. Both Hiram and Charlotte were of European and American Indian heritage and Jim was raised in the Sac and Fox tribes. In 1904 he was sent to a boarding school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania for American Indian children. While at Carlisle he played multiple sports, including football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and track. He left Carlisle in 1909 and 1910 to play professional baseball with teams in Eastern Carolina League in North Carolina. He returned to Carlisle in 1911 for two successful football seasons. In both 1911 and 1912 he was an All-American halfback for football. In 1912 he became the only person to win gold medals in both the pentathlon and decathlon at the Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden. His Olympic celebrity propelled him a three year contract playing professional baseball for the New York Giants. He also played baseball with the Boston Braves and Cincinnati Reds. However, it was as a professional football player that Thorpe was more successful and strongly tied to Ohio. He was associated with four professional or semi-professional football teams in Ohio as a player and coach: the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Oorang Indians based in LaRue, and the Portsmouth Shoe-Steels. His greatest success was with the Canton Bulldogs, which he led to win national championships in 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1919. From 1922-1923 he was a player and coach for the Oorang Indians, a National Football League team comprised of all native players. The majority of the Oorang Indians team members, like Thorpe, had played at Carlisle. The team owner, Robert Lingo, used the team and Thorpes celebrity to advertise his Oorang Kennels Company, particularly his Airedale terriers. Thorpe played another season with the Bulldogs in 1926 and then went to Portsmouth as a player-coach for the semi-professional Portsmouth Shoe-Steels in 1927. This was Thorpes last athletic job. During the 1930s and 1940s he worked a variety of jobs until he died of a heart attack in 1953. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV235_1_21
Subjects: Jim Thorpe (Pa.)--History--20th century--Pictoral works; Jim Thorpe (Pa.)--Social Life and customs--Pictorial works; Carlisle Indian Industrial School; School sports
Places: Carlisle (Pennsylvania); Cumberland County (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Award from the World's Columbian Commission to the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society (now the Ohio History Connection) for its display illustrating the American Indian Moundbuilders of the Ohio Territory, exhibited at the International Exhibition held in Chicago, 1893. Also called the Chicago World's Fair, the World's Columbian Exhibition in 1893 celebrated the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the New World. It emphasized modern technological, commercial, and agricultural advances and highlighted art, education, and culture. Between May and October of 1893, more than 28 million visitors flocked to see the 65,000 exhibits located on 686 acres of Chicago's South Side. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: OVS1177
Subjects: Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society; Expositions and fairs; Museum exhibits; World's Columbian Exposition; Mound-builders--Ohio; American Indians in Ohio
Places: Chicago (Illinois)
 

Description: This calumet, or ceremonial pipe, seen here in two views, was used at the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Possibly crafted by a member of one of the tribes who were signatories on the treaty, it is made of red catlinite with inlaid metal designs and a carved wooden stem, and was one of several pipes smoked by participants over the course of solemnizing the treaty negotiations. General Anthony Wayne defeated the American Indian confederacy led by Blue Jacket at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. Abandoned by the British at Fort Miami, the American Indians agreed to a peace settlement. A year later, representatives from twelve tribes met at Greenville, in present-day Darke County, to negotiate with Wayne. Among the leaders were Little Turtle of the Miami, Tarhe of the Wyandot, and Blue Jacket and Black Hoof of the Shawnee. The treaty confined the American Indians to northwestern Ohio. Despite Wayne's hope that the treaty would hold "as long as the woods grow and waters run" American Indians were removed to the West by the mid-19th century. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: H39471_1
Subjects: American Indian history and society; Wayne, Anthony, 1745 - 1796; American Indian tribal leaders; Treaty of Greenville; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood;
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio);
 

Description: Photograph of Johnston Farm in Piqua, Miami County, Ohio. The home of John Johnston and the barn are pictured. A typed caption on the reverse of the photograph reads "Scene near the old Col. John Johnston homestead, Piqua, Ohio." Johnston Farm, maintained as a state memorial, is the homestead of John Johnston. Johnston is best known for holding the office of Indian Agent for over 30 years, appointed by President James Madison in the early years of the state to oversee the American Indian reservations in northwest Ohio. Johnston was an important political and social figure in Ohio who also served as a state canal commissioner, helped to found Kenyon College and served on the board of trustees of Miami University. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV29_B01F07_002
Subjects: Johnston, John, 1775-1861; Historic sites Ohio; Farmhouses; American Indians in Ohio; Ohio--Politics and government
Places: Piqua (Ohio); Miami County (Ohio);
 

Description: Photograph of the farmhouse at Johnston Farm. Typed caption on the reverse of the photograph reads "The old Col. John Johnston homestead, Piqua, Ohio." Johnston Farm, maintained as a state memorial, is the homestead of John Johnston. Johnston is best known for holding the office of Indian Agent for over 30 years, appointed by President James Madison in the early years of the state to oversee the American Indian reservations in northwest Ohio. Johnston was an important political and social figure in Ohio who also served as a state canal commissioner, helped to found Kenyon College and served on the board of trustees of Miami University. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV29_B01F04_003
Subjects: Johnston, John, 1775-1861; Historic sites Ohio; Farmhouses; American Indians in Ohio; Ohio--Politics and government
Places: Piqua (Ohio); Miami County (Ohio);
 

Description: Commemorative tablet of the last battle of the French and Indian War, located near the entrance to the old Johnston homestead in Piqua, Miami County, Ohio. Monument states "Erected 1989 by the Piqua Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution in commemoration of the last battle of the French and Indian War fought near this spot in 1763." Handwritten caption on the back of a duplicate image reads "This stone is located near the entrance of the old Johnston homestead. It will be unveiled with appropriate ceremonies June 14th, 1899." Johnston Farm, maintained as a state memorial, is the homestead of John Johnston. Johnston is best known for holding the office of Indian Agent for over 30 years, appointed by President James Madison in the early years of the state to oversee the American Indian reservations in northwest Ohio. Johnston was an important political and social figure in Ohio who also served as a state canal commissioner, helped to found Kenyon College and served on the bo View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV29_B01F01_001
Subjects: Monuments & memorials; United States--History--French and Indian War, 1755-1763; Battle of Piqua;
Places: Piqua (Ohio); Miami County (Ohio);
 

Description: Photograph of George W. Hayes (1847-1933), a representative from Hamilton County who served in the Ohio House of Representatives during the 75th session (1902-1903) and 76th session (1904-1905) of the General Assembly. Born in 1847 into slavery in Louisiana, Hayes was of mixed African American and American Indian heritage. Initially pressed into Confederate service at a young age during the Civil War, he soon escaped and enlisted in the Union Army. After the war, he moved to New York, and later to Cleveland and then Cincinnati, Ohio. He worked as a public school teacher before his appointment as a clerk with the U.S. Court clerk's office--the first African American appointed to the role. He worked in this position for three decades until he was nominated as a state representative in 1901. Over the years, Hayes served as a long-time trustee for the Ohio Institute of the Blind, the Orphans' Home for Colored Children in Cincinnati, the Union Baptist Church and Wilberforce University. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: P206_B11_Hayes
Subjects: African American Ohioans; Ohio House of Representatives; Ohio--Politics and government; Elected officials; American Indians; Veterans; Educators
Places: Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: Dated July 3, 1923, this photograph shows an elderly American Indian woman riding a horse, with a man to her right, in Meacham, Oregon. A car, teepee, and people are in the background. This occurred while President Warren G. Harding was in town giving a speech commemorating the Oregon Trail. The caption reads "None too old to pay honor to our president." The President and First Lady stopped in Meacham during their "Voyage of Understanding," a cross-country train journey that included numerous stops along the route where Harding had speaking engagements, and culminated in the first-ever presidential visit to the territory of Alaska. The trip was taken in spite of the president's failing health, and on August 2, Harding suffered a heart attack, and never made it to his second stop in Portland, scheduled for July 28. He died August 2, 1923, at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, California. This photograph is part of a photograph album in the Warren G. Harding Photograph Collection (P146). Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States (1921-1923), was born in Blooming Grove, Ohio, in 1865. At age 14, Harding attended Ohio Central College in Iberia, Ohio, where he edited the campus newspaper and became an accomplished public speaker. He married Florence Kling de Wolfe in 1891, and embarked on his political career in 1900 by winning a seat in the Ohio legislature. After serving two terms as an Ohio Senator, Harding served as Lieutenant Governor in 1904 for two years before returning to the newspaper business. Although he lost the 1910 gubernatorial race, Harding was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1914. Political insider Harry Daugherty promoted Harding for the Republican presidential nomination in 1920. His front porch campaign was centered on speeches given from his home in Marion, Ohio, pledging to return the country to “normalcy” in this post World War I era. Harding easily won the election, gaining 61 percent of the popular vote. On August 2, 1923, Harding unexpectedly died from a massive heart attack while touring the western United States, and is entombed in the Marion Cemetery. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: P146_B37F10_08
Subjects: Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923; American Indians; Horseback riding; United States--Oregon National Historic Trail; Celebrations; Ohio History--Presidents and Politics
Places: Meacham (Oregon)
 

Description: Dated July 3, 1923, this photograph shows people posing for photographs in front of teepees near an Indian village in Meacham, Oregon. This occurred while President Warren G. Harding was in town giving a speech commemorating the Oregon Trail. The caption reads, "Portion of Indian village." The President and First Lady stopped in Meacham during their "Voyage of Understanding," a cross-country train journey that included numerous stops along the route where Harding had speaking engagements, and culminated in the first-ever presidential visit to the territory of Alaska. The trip was taken in spite of the president's failing health, and on August 2, Harding suffered a heart attack, and never made it to his second stop in Portland, scheduled for July 28. He died August 2, 1923, at the Palace Hotel in San Francisco, California. This photograph is part of a photograph album in the Warren G. Harding Photograph Collection (P146). Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States (1921-1923), was born in Blooming Grove, Ohio, in 1865. At age 14, Harding attended Ohio Central College in Iberia, Ohio, where he edited the campus newspaper and became an accomplished public speaker. He married Florence Kling de Wolfe in 1891, and embarked on his political career in 1900 by winning a seat in the Ohio legislature. After serving two terms as an Ohio Senator, Harding served as Lieutenant Governor in 1904 for two years before returning to the newspaper business. Although he lost the 1910 gubernatorial race, Harding was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1914. Political insider Harry Daugherty promoted Harding for the Republican presidential nomination in 1920. His front porch campaign was centered on speeches given from his home in Marion, Ohio, pledging to return the country to “normalcy” in this post World War I era. Harding easily won the election, gaining 61 percent of the popular vote. On August 2, 1923, Harding unexpectedly died from a massive heart attack while touring the western United States, and is entombed in the Marion Cemetery. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: P146_B37F10_09
Subjects: Harding, Warren G. (Warren Gamaliel), 1865-1923; American Indians; United States--Oregon National Historic Trail; Parades and processions; Celebrations
Places: Meacham (Oregon)