Description: Portrait of five Civil War veterans from Zoar, Ohio, ca. 1880-1889. The men are identified as "Harry Bowman (Cleveland), Leo Kern (boss over teamsters), John Kuecherer (baker), D. Unsold (left Society), Anton Burkhart (brewmaster)." They are wearing medals indicating their membership in the Grand Army of the Republic, an organization for Union veterans. Led by Joseph Bimeler (sometimes spelled Bäumeler) in 1817, a group of Lutheran separatists left the area of Germany known as Wurttemberg and eventually established the small community of Zoar in Tuscarawas County, Ohio. The community of Zoar was not originally organized as a commune, but its residents had a difficult time surviving in 1818 and early 1819. As a result, on April 19, 1819, the group formed the Society of Separatists of Zoar. Each person donated his or her property to the community as a whole, and in exchange for their work, the society would provide for them. Additional modifications to the society's organization were made in 1824 and a constitution established in 1833. In the decades following the establishment of the Zoar commune, the Separatists experienced economic prosperity. The community was almost entirely self-sufficient and sold any surpluses to the outside world. In addition to agriculture, Zoar residents also worked in a number of industries, including flour mills, textiles, a tin shop, copper, wagon maker, two iron foundries, and several stores. The society also made money by contracting to build a seven-mile stretch of the Ohio and Erie Canal. The canal crossed over Zoar's property, and the society owned several canal boats. The canal traffic also brought other people into the community, who bought Zoar residents' goods. By the second half of the nineteenth century, the community was quite prosperous. After Bimeler's death in 1853, the unity of the village declined, and by 1898 the Zoarites disbanded the society. The remaining residents divided the property, and the community continued to prosper in Zoar. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL01762
Subjects: Zoar (Tuscarawas County, Ohio); Society of Separatists of Zoar; Civil War 1861-1865; Veterans; Military Ohio
Places: Zoar (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: This is a landscape drawing by Ulysses S. Grant, drawn while he was a cadet at West Point in New York, ca. 1840. Ulysses S. Grant was born Hiram Ulysses Grant in Point Pleasant, Ohio. Upon entering the United States Military Academy at West Point, he attempted to change his name from Hiram Ulysses to Ulysses Hiram but found that his name had already been mistakenly recorded at West Point as Ulysses Simpson Grant, which he never corrected. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), Grant was promoted to the rank of general and granted command of the Union army by President Abraham Lincoln. After the victory of the Union over the Confederacy, Grant's popularity led to his election as the 18th President of the United States in 1868. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: H83983_01
Subjects: Grant, Ulysses S., 1822-1885; Civil War 1861-1865; Military Ohio; Presidents--United States; Drawings (visual works)
Places: West Point (New York)
 

Description: This is a tintype portrait of a man wearing a suit and resting his right hand on a pillar with a vase of flowers, standing in front of a hanging backdrop. The man pictured is possibly Major Martin R. Delany, an American Civil War soldier who recruited African Americans for the draft in Ohio, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: NAM_SC24_TintypeImageofWhatispossiblyMartinDelany
Subjects: African American soldiers; Civil War 1861-1865; Military Ohio; Portrait photography
 

Description: Illustration by Henri Lovie titled "The Squirrel Rifles Entertained by the People of Cincinnati in the Fifth Street Market House, Cincinnati, Sept. 6." This print appeared in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper on September 27, 1862. In the second year of the Civil War, Confederate troops were ordered to capture Covington, Kentucky and Cincinnati, Ohio. Major General Horatio Wright, commander of Union forces in Kentucky, ordered General Lewis (Lew) Wallace to prepare Covington's and Cincinnati's defenses. Upon arriving in Cincinnati, Wallace immediately declared martial law. He issued a call in Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan for a volunteer militia. Men in the regular army would fight on the battlefield, while the civilians would prepare trenches and other defensive features to prepare the two communities for attack. Cincinnati residents reportedly "cheerfully obeyed" the order. Ohio Governor David Tod left Columbus, the state capital, and came to Cincinnati to assist Wallace. Tod immediately ordered Ohio's adjutant-general to send any available troops other than those guarding Ohio's southern border to Cincinnati. A number of Ohio counties offered to dispatch men to Cincinnati as well, and civilians from 65 counties numbering 15,766 men reported for duty at Cincinnati. These volunteer men became known as the "Squirrel Hunters." Many had no military training and carried antiquated weapons, but despite these shortcomings, they still rallied together to help defend Ohio from Confederate invasion. A Confederate scout reported that, "They call them Squirrel Hunters; farm boys that never had to shoot at the same squirrel twice." Thanks to the actions of Wallace and Tod, Covington and Cincinnati had adequate defenses to repel the Confederate advance within two days. By September 13, 1862, news reached Cincinnati that the Confederate forces were withdrawing from Kentucky and that Cincinnati was no longer in danger. Wallace earned the nickname "Savior of Cincinnati" for his actions in September 1862. The Squirrel Hunters returned to their homes. To thank the Squirrel Hunters, the Ohio legislature, in 1863, authorized funds for Governor Tod to print discharges for these men from military duty. The discharges thanked the men for their patriotism and their willingness to sacrifice their lives in the defense of Ohio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: OVS4109
Subjects: Civil War 1861-1865; Squirrel Hunters; Ohio--Militia; Cincinnati (Ohio)--History
Places: Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph identified on its reverse as Ruth Munn (1809-1876), the first president of the Equal Suffrage Club (also known as the Women's Suffrage and Political Club) of South Newbury, Ohio. The club, organized in 1874, was the second such organization in Ohio and one of the earliest in the country. This item comes from the Frances Jennings Casement Papers, a manuscript collection comprised of letters and association records related to the founding and leadership of the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association. Casement (1840-1928) was born in Painesville, Ohio, and graduated from Painesville Academy and Willoughby Female Seminary. Her father, Charles Casement, supported abolition and women's suffrage and encouraged Frances to be active in social causes. Frances Casement established the Painesville Equal Rights Association in 1883, and shortly after became involved in the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association, serving as its president from 1885 to 1888. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS510_B01F77_Munn
Subjects: Ohio Women; Civil Liberties; Suffrage; Suffragists; Ohio League of Women Voters; Social movements;
Places: South Newbury (Ohio); Geauga County (Ohio);
 

Description: Photostatic copy of an engraving which appeared in the September 27, 1862, issue of Leslie's Weekly. The illustration shows volunteers known as Squirrel Hunters boarding the train for Cincinnati, Ohio, at the Xenia Railroad Depot in Greene County on September 5, 1862, in response for a call for civilians to defend the town from Confederate forces. In the second year of the Civil War, Confederate troops were ordered to capture Covington, Kentucky and Cincinnati, Ohio. Major General Horatio Wright, commander of Union forces in Kentucky, ordered General Lewis (Lew) Wallace to prepare Covington's and Cincinnati's defenses. Upon arriving in Cincinnati, Wallace immediately declared martial law. He issued a call in Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan for a volunteer militia. Men in the regular army would fight on the battlefield, while the civilians would prepare trenches and other defensive features to prepare the two communities for attack. Cincinnati residents reportedly "cheerfully obeyed" the order. Ohio Governor David Tod left Columbus, the state capital, and came to Cincinnati to assist Wallace. Tod immediately ordered Ohio's adjutant-general to send any available troops other than those guarding Ohio's southern border to Cincinnati. A number of Ohio counties offered to dispatch men to Cincinnati as well, and civilians from 65 counties numbering 15,766 men reported for duty at Cincinnati. These volunteer men became known as the "Squirrel Hunters." Many had no military training and carried antiquated weapons, but despite these shortcomings, they still rallied together to help defend Ohio from Confederate invasion. A Confederate scout reported that, "They call them Squirrel Hunters; farm boys that never had to shoot at the same squirrel twice." Thanks to the actions of Wallace and Tod, Covington and Cincinnati had adequate defenses to repel the Confederate advance within two days. By September 13, 1862, news reached Cincinnati that the Confederate forces were withdrawing from Kentucky and that Cincinnati was no longer in danger. Wallace earned the nickname "Savior of Cincinnati" for his actions in September 1862. The Squirrel Hunters returned to their homes. To thank the Squirrel Hunters, the Ohio legislature, in 1863, authorized funds for Governor Tod to print discharges for these men from military duty. The discharges thanked the men for their patriotism and their willingness to sacrifice their lives in the defense of Ohio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: OVS2653
Subjects: Civil War 1861-1865; Squirrel Hunters; Ohio--Militia; Cincinnati (Ohio)--History
Places: Xenia (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
 

Description: Portrait of Mrs. Louisa (Stark) Southworth, a prominent philanthropist in Cleveland who was closely involved with the women's suffrage movement, as well as other progressive and educational efforts. This item comes from the Frances Jennings Casement Papers, a manuscript collection comprised of letters and association records related to the founding and leadership of the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association. Casement (1840-1928) was born in Painesville, Ohio, and graduated from Painesville Academy and Willoughby Female Seminary. Her father, Charles Casement, supported abolition and women's suffrage and encouraged Frances to be active in social causes. Frances Casement established the Painesville Equal Rights Association in 1883, and shortly after became involved in the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association, serving as its president from 1885 to 1888. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS510_B01F77_Southworth
Subjects: Ohio Women; Civil Liberties; Suffrage; Suffragists; Ohio League of Women Voters; Social movements;
Places: Cleveland (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio);
 

Description: Protestors on both sides of the abortion debate gather with signs at the corner of North High Street and North Broadway in Columbus, Ohio. This photograph was taken by a photographer for publication in the Columbus Free Press newspaper. The Columbus Free Press began as a bi-weekly publication in Columbus, Ohio, in 1970. An underground newspaper, it replaced the Ohio State University publication The People, Yes. The earliest known issue of the newspaper appeared on January 4, 1971. The newspaper underwent a series of name changes over the decades, with titles including the Columbus Free Press & Cowtown Times (1972-1976), the Columbus Freepress (1976-1992) and The Free Press (1992-1995). The paper, which covered many liberal and progressive causes, was an alternative to mainstream news sources in central Ohio with the slogan “The Other Side of the News.” In 1995, the paper ceased publication briefly before reemerging as a website in early 1996, and returning as a print publication under the Free Press title in the form of a quarterly journal in 1998. Published under various frequencies during the first part of the 21st century, the Free Press again became a nonprofit monthly publication in 2017 with both a print and web presence, published by the Columbus Institute for Contemporary Journalism and operated by a volunteer staff and board. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS1301AV_B04F11_08
Subjects: Protests and protestors; Social issues; Medical care; Human rights;
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph showing the South Newbury Union Chapel, a noted site in suffrage history where a small group of women illegally cast ballots in a local election in 1871, becoming the first female voters in Ohio's history. The chapel was originally constructed in 1858 after future president James A. Garfield, then a teacher at Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, was denied permission to speak at a nearby Congregational Church due to potentially controversial subject matter. The Women’s Suffrage and Political Club would be organized at the chapel in 1874--the second such organization in Ohio and one of the earliest in the country--and it was also used as a speaking venue for suffrage activists including Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Ellen Munn and Harriet Taylor Upton. This item comes from the Frances Jennings Casement Papers, a manuscript collection comprised of letters and association records related to the founding and leadership of the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association. Casement (1840-1928) was born in Painesville, Ohio, and graduated from Painesville Academy and Willoughby Female Seminary. Her father, Charles Casement, supported abolition and women's suffrage and encouraged Frances to be active in social causes. Frances Casement established the Painesville Equal Rights Association in 1883, and shortly after became involved in the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association, serving as its president from 1885 to 1888. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS510_B01F77_UnionChapel
Subjects: Ohio Women; Civil Liberties; Suffrage; Suffragists; Social movements; Chapels -- Ohio;
Places: South Newbury (Ohio); Geauga County (Ohio)
 

Description: Stereograph showing two African American soldiers with rifles drawn during the Civil War, 1861-1865. The caption on the back reads, "Colored Pickets on duty near Dutch Gap." This stereoview is No. 2553 of the "War Views" section of the series entitled "Photographic History-The War for the Union" published by E. & H. T. Anthony & Co., American and Foreign Stereoscopic Emporium, of New York. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SC5227_01_01
Subjects: United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Photographs; African American soldiers; United States Colored Troops; Military life
Places: Dutch Gap (Virginia)
 

Description: Carte de visite portrait of Major Frank Y. Commagere , 6th U.S. Cavalry. The photograph was taken by Carpenter and Mullen in Lexington, Kentucky, early in the Civil War and collected as part of the Howard Rossen Collection. Born in Maumee, Ohio, Commagere (1844-1892) served as a midshipman at the U.S. Naval Academy in 1861, then joined the 67th New York Volunteers as a second lieutenant from 1862-1863 before being dismissed. He later served as a major in the 6th U.S. Colored Cavalry from January 1865 until he mustered out in April 1866. Following the end of the Civil War, he was appointed first lieutenant in the 7th U.S. Cavalry in 1866, serving under Lieutenant Colonel Custer, until his resignation in 1868. He died in 1892 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV13_B01_20
Subjects: Ohio--History--Civil War, 1861-1865; Military officers; Military uniforms; Portrait photography
Places: Maumee (Ohio); Lucas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph identified as Julia P. Green hanging a wreath on the Centennial Oak in South Newbury, Ohio, August 23, 1919. The oak was planted July 4, 1876, by the Women's Suffrage and Political Club in Newbury in honor of the United States Centennial. Its location was chosen to be across from the South Newbury Union Chapel, a noted site in suffrage history where a small group of women illegally cast ballots in a local election in 1871, becoming the first female voters in Ohio's history. The chapel was originally constructed in 1858 after future president James A. Garfield, then a teacher at Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, was denied permission to speak at a nearby Congregational Church due to potentially controversial subject matter. The Women’s Suffrage and Political Club would be organized at the chapel in 1874--the second such organization in Ohio and one of the earliest in the country--and it was also used as a speaking venue for suffrage activists including Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Ellen Munn and Harriet Taylor Upton. Dr. Julia Green, M.D., was involved in suffrage work and other progressive movements in town, and served as an officer in the Women's Suffrage and Political Club. This item comes from the Frances Jennings Casement Papers, a manuscript collection comprised of letters and association records related to the founding and leadership of the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association. Casement (1840-1928) was born in Painesville, Ohio, and graduated from Painesville Academy and Willoughby Female Seminary. Her father, Charles Casement, supported abolition and women's suffrage and encouraged Frances to be active in social causes. Frances Casement established the Painesville Equal Rights Association in 1883, and shortly after became involved in the Ohio Woman Suffrage Association, serving as its president from 1885 to 1888. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS510_B01F77_GreenOak
Subjects: Ohio Women; Civil Liberties; Suffrage; Suffragists; Social movements; Women in medicine
Places: South Newbury (Ohio); Geauga County (Ohio)