Description: Photograph of an American Indian bark house from a collection of models for the Ohio State School for the Blind. The bark house is similar to an Iroquois longhouse, but not as long. Among the tribes who lived in bark houses, or "lodges" were the Iroquois, Shawnee, Wyandotte, Delaware, Seneca, and Chippewa. Framework for the lodge was formed from stout poles, over which was placed an outer covering of bark, in horizontal strips, sewed on to the frame with bone punches and tough-fibered inner bark. In the spring, bark was peeled from elm trees, flattened by weights, and cut in sheets four by six or eight feet, before being used. A bark house structure was about 15 feet high at the ridge of the gable, just over 15 feet wide and sometimes 100 feet long or more. The roof rafters were reinforced with scores of small sapling poles and log "stingers" were used to anchor the bark on top of the roof. The inside of the bark house consisted of a row of bunks on each side of the lodge. Beds were formed with several layers of bark, covered with soft, hairy pelts. Chains of corn and fruit to be dried were strung on poles between the aisles. Firepits were placed in a prominent place in the aisle, where most of the cooking was done and light obtained at night. Smoke escaped from holes in the roof, that could be covered with bark panels when it rained. The lodge doorways were high and wide, and covered with an animal skin neatly laced to the door post. Model dimensions: length 40", width 20.5", height 17". Photographs and descriptions of models were included in the book "Models for the Blind," compiled by workers of the Ohio Writers' Program. The book was meant as a guide, to be used in the building and study of models, and as documentation of the achievements at the Ohio State School for the Blind. The models were a result of research, design and construction by employees of the Works Projects Administration. Models were made of durable materials to withstand regular usage. The average cost of labor for larger models was $45. A special room was built to store the models where teachers could borrow them to be used in classroom instruction. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B11F02_052_001
Subjects: United States. Work Projects Administration; Blind--Education--Ohio; Ohio State School for the Blind; Indians of North America--Dwellings
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. After long negotiation, on August 3, 1795, leaders of the many Indian tribes in the area met with Wayne at Fort Greenville to sign the Treaty of Greenville. As part of the treaty, the natives relinquished control of much of modern day Ohio. Depicted in the photograph are some of the Indian signatures to the Treaty of Greenville. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_004
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Northwest Territory; Treaties; Treaty of Greenville; Forts and fortifications
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Illustration of Simon Girty, Ohio Country frontiersman, printed in Volume 6 of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Girty was born in Chambers Mill, Pennsylvania, in 1741. During the French and Indian War, his family sought refuge in Fort Granville, which was captured in 1755 by an army of French soldiers and native Indians. Girty eventually found himself in the hands of the Seneca Indians who took him to the Ohio Country and adopted him. His knowledge of Indian culture and language was highly sought after during the American Revolutionary War as both the British and Americans hoped to secure alliances with various local tribes. Girty first aligned himself with the Americans. However, he was discharged from the American military in 1777 and afterwards offered his help to the British. After the war, Girty continued to aid the Indians of the Ohio Country in resisting further settlement of the Ohio Country, participating in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. He eventually moved to Canada, where he died in 1818. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SC2697_Girty_001
Subjects: American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783; Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794; Fortification; American Indian history and society; Warfare; American Indians; Ohio History; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood
Places: Ohio
 

Description: Illustration of Simon Girty, Ohio Country frontiersman, from "History of Ohio in Words of One Syllable" by Anne Cole Cady, printed in "An Ohio Portrait" by George W. Knepper. Girty was born in Chambers Mill, Pennsylvania, in 1741. During the French and Indian War, his family sought refuge in Fort Granville, which was captured in 1755 by an army of French soldiers and native Indians. Girty eventually found himself in the hands of the Seneca Indians who took him to the Ohio Country and adopted him. His knowledge of Indian culture and language was highly sought after during the American Revolutionary War as both the British and Americans hoped to secure alliances with various local tribes. Girty first aligned himself with the Americans. However, he was discharged from the American military in 1777 and afterwards offered his help to the British. After the war, Girty continued to aid the Indians of the Ohio Country in resisting further settlement of the Ohio Country, participating in the Ba View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SC2697_Girty_002
Subjects: American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783; Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794; American Indian history and society; Warfare; American Indians; Ohio History; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood
Places: Ohio
 

Description: Hand drawn map of the Wyandot Reservation in the 19th century near Upper Sandusky, Ohio. The reservation has been blocked off in eight sections numbered with Roman numerals. On the map Wyandot is spelled 'Wyandott'. At the point where the IV, III, V, and VI sections meet is the town of Upper Sandusky. Members of the Wyandot tribe originally lived in southern Canada, but prior to European settlement they were driven south by the Iroquois. They settled in what is now northern Ohio in Wyandot, Marion, and Crawford Counties. The Wyandot tribe was forced to give up their reservation in 1842 and were forcibly removed to a reservation in Kansas the following year. They were the last American Indian tribe to leave Ohio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07671
Subjects: Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood; Wyandot Indians--History; Upper Sandusky (Ohio); American Indian history and society
Places: Upper Sandusky (Ohio); Wyandot County (Ohio)
 

Description: Caption on reverse reads: "Indian Trail Marker (Silhouette). Central Pky. and Sycamore Str." This photograph shows a plaque with the silhouette of soldiers and a covered wagon on top, held between two concrete pillars. It used to stand somewhere near the intersections of Reading Road, Central Parkway and Sycamore Street, in Cincinnati. Inscription reads: "Approximately at this point two Ohio military trails branched. Reading Road follows the marches of Bowman, Clark, Harmar, Harrison, Clay and Shelby, 1779 - 1812. Central Parkway follows the route of St. Clair and Wayne, 1791 - 1793." A historical marker, erected under the Ohio Revolutionary Memorial Commission's plan, stands at Central Parkway and Sycamore where the two Ohio trails branched. Reading Road following the marches of Bowman, Clark, Harmar, Harrison, Clay and Shelby; and Central Parkway folloing the route of St. Clair and Mad Anthony Wayne - brave names in those days of pioneer drumbeat and marching soldiers and frontiersmen in buckskin. The Daughters of the American Revolution placed at the Central Parkway and Ludlow Avenue intersection a bronze tablet in memory of Major General Arthur St. Clair, who was an officer in the Revolutionary War, first governor of the Northwest Territory, and the man who gave Cincinnati its name. Major General Arthur St. Clair left Fort Washington, in present day Cincinnati, on September 17, 1791, following the aforementioned trail north, in order to build a fort at the head of the Maumee River. An large group of Indians led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, as well as army deserters and prisoners, left Kekionga in Indiana, heading south. The Indians had been receiving information about the army's movements from warrior scouts and deserters, and a large group led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket headed south to intercept St. Clair's army. A battle ensued near what is now Fort Recovery in which most of St. Clair's officers were killed, causing him to lose his post and his reputation.General Anthony Wayne returned in 3 years with properly trained, well-equipped army, and defeated the Indians at Fallen Timbers near Toledo. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B09F10_021_1
Subjects: Historical markers--Ohio--Cincinnati; Indian trails--Ohio; Central Parkway Area (Cincinnati, Ohio); Memorials--Ohio; Wayne, Anthony, 1745-1796; St. Clair, Arthur, 1734-1818
Places: Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: This print shows the exterior of Fort McIntosh in Beaver, Pennsylvania. Constructed in 1778, Fort McIntosh was the first fort north of the Ohio River, and was the site of the signing of the Treaty of Fort McIntosh on January 21, 1785, in which many Ohio American Indian tribes ceded land east of the Cuyahoga and Muskingum Rivers to the United States government. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL08442
Subjects: Fortification; Treaties; American Indian history and society
Places: Beaver (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Jim Thorpe carrying a football past a would-be tackler, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Jim (James Francis) Thorpe was born in 1888 in Oklahoma to Hiram P. and Charlotte Thorpe. Both Hiram and Charlotte were of European and American Indian heritage and Jim was raised in the Sac and Fox tribes. In 1904 he was sent to a boarding school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania for American Indian children. While at Carlisle he played multiple sports, including football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and track. He left Carlisle in 1909 and 1910 to play professional baseball with teams in Eastern Carolina League in North Carolina. He returned to Carlisle in 1911 for two successful football seasons. In both 1911 and 1912 he was an All-American halfback for football. In 1912 he became the only person to win gold medals in both the pentathlon and decathlon at the Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden. His Olympic celebrity propelled him a three year contract playing professional baseball for the New York Giants. He also played baseball with the Boston Braves and Cincinnati Reds. However, it was as a professional football player that Thorpe was more successful and strongly tied to Ohio. He was associated with four professional or semi-professional football teams in Ohio as a player and coach: the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Oorang Indians based in LaRue, and the Portsmouth Shoe-Steels. His greatest success was with the Canton Bulldogs, which he led to win national championships in 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1919. From 1922-1923 he was a player and coach for the Oorang Indians, a National Football League team comprised of all native players. The majority of the Oorang Indians team members, like Thorpe, had played at Carlisle. The team owner, Robert Lingo, used the team and Thorpes celebrity to advertise his Oorang Kennels Company, particularly his Airedale terriers. Thorpe played another season with the Bulldogs in 1926 and then went to Portsmouth as a player-coach for the semi-professional Portsmouth Shoe-Steels in 1927. This was Thorpes last athletic job. During the 1930s and 1940s he worked a variety of jobs until he died of a heart attack in 1953. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV235_1_13
Subjects: Jim Thorpe (Pa.)--History--20th century--Pictoral works; Jim Thorpe (Pa.)--Social Life and customs--Pictorial works; Carlisle Indian Industrial School; School sports
Places: Carlisle (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Photographic copy of the Treaty of Greeneville, signed August 3, 1795, at Fort Greene Ville (the present site of Greenville, Ohio). On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. In January 1795, representatives from the various tribes met with Wayne at Fort Greene Ville. The Americans and natives spent the next eight months negotiating a treaty. It became known as the Treaty of Greeneville. On August 3, 1795, leaders of the Wyandot Indians, the Delaware Indians, the Shawnee Indians, the Ottawa Indians, the Miami Indians, the Eel River Indians, the Wea Indians, the Chippewa Indians, the Potawatomi Indians, the Kickapoo Indians, the Piankashaw Indians, and the Kaskaskia Indians formally signed the treaty. The natives agreed to relinquish all claims to land south and east of a boundary that began roughly at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. It ran southward to Fort Laurens and then turned westward to Fort Loramie and Fort Recovery. It then turned southward to the Ohio River. The Indians, however, could still hunt on the land that they ceded. The whites agreed to relinquish their claims to land north and west of the line, although the natives permitted the Americans to establish several trading posts in their territory. The United States also provided the Indians with $20,000 worth of goods for signing the treaty. The American government also agreed to give the natives $9,500 every year in goods. The Indians were to decide how the goods would be divided among them. Many Indians refused to honor the agreement. White settlers continued to move onto the contested land. Violence continued between these two peoples. Native American leaders like Tecumseh and the Prophet would emerge in the early 1800s to carry on the Indian struggle to regain their lost land. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F05_003_001
Subjects: Ohio Government; Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Northwest Territory; Treaties; Treaty of Greenville
Places: Greenville (Ohio); Darke County (Ohio)
 

Description: Mapmaker John Melish created this map of Ohio around 1812. The map shows the land office districts in Ohio, including the Virginia Military District, and Ohio Company and the Western Reserve lands. The border of the American Indian lands in the northwest part of the state is drawn on the map. It is hand colored and measures 9.45" x 9.45" (24 x 24 cm). Originally from Scotland, Melish was an important figure in early United States cartography, or mapmaking. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om1529_1169180_001
Subjects: Geography; American Indians; Maps--Midwest--Ohio
Places: Ohio
 

Description: This photograph shows the streets of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, decorated for Jim Thorpe's homecoming parade in 1912. Jim (James Francis) Thorpe was born in 1888 in Oklahoma to Hiram P. and Charlotte Thorpe. Both Hiram and Charlotte were of European and American Indian heritage and Jim was raised in the Sac and Fox tribes. In 1904 he was sent to a boarding school in Carlisle, Pennsylvania for American Indian children. While at Carlisle he played multiple sports, including football, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and track. He left Carlisle in 1909 and 1910 to play professional baseball with teams in Eastern Carolina League in North Carolina. He returned to Carlisle in 1911 for two successful football seasons. In both 1911 and 1912 he was an All-American halfback for football. In 1912 he became the only person to win gold medals in both the pentathlon and decathlon at the Olympic Games in Stockholm, Sweden. His Olympic celebrity propelled him a three year contract playing professional baseball for the New York Giants. He also played baseball with the Boston Braves and Cincinnati Reds. However, it was as a professional football player that Thorpe was more successful and strongly tied to Ohio. He was associated with four professional or semi-professional football teams in Ohio as a player and coach: the Canton Bulldogs, the Cleveland Tigers, the Oorang Indians based in LaRue, and the Portsmouth Shoe-Steels. His greatest success was with the Canton Bulldogs, which he led to win national championships in 1915, 1916, 1917 and 1919. From 1922-1923 he was a player and coach for the Oorang Indians, a National Football League team comprised of all native players. The majority of the Oorang Indians team members, like Thorpe, had played at Carlisle. The team owner, Robert Lingo, used the team and Thorpes celebrity to advertise his Oorang Kennels Company, particularly his Airedale terriers. Thorpe played another season with the Bulldogs in 1926 and then went to Portsmouth as a player-coach for the semi-professional Portsmouth Shoe-Steels in 1927. This was Thorpes last athletic job. During the 1930s and 1940s he worked a variety of jobs until he died of a heart attack in 1953. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV235_1_8
Subjects: Jim Thorpe (Pa.)--History--20th century--Pictoral works; American Indians; Athletics and athletes
Places: Carlisle (Pennsylvania); Cumberland County (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: This photograph (ca. 1935-1943) is of an illustration depicting several pioneers and Indians building a log cabin. In the foreground a Native American can be seen exchanging a jug with a frontiersman in a coonskin cap. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F11_042
Subjects: Illustrations; Pioneers--Ohio; Indians of North America--Ohio; Native American history and society
Places: Ohio