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Wilberforce University - old Power House photograph Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll34/429/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: Caption reads: "Greene County - Wilberforce University, Oct. 20, 1936. Old power house to be demolished. Project not yet approved. Near Xenia, Ohio."
Wilberforce University is located on US 42, three miles from Xenia, Ohio on land that at one time occupied the Tawawa Springs summer resort. In 1856, the Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University near Xenia, Ohio, to provide African American access to a college education. The university was the first private black college in the United States. Its founders named the institution after William Wilberforce, a prominent eighteenth-century abolitionist. A number of African-American Ohioans attended the school during its early years. During the American Civil War, attendance declined as many students enlisted in the Union army. Wilberforce University closed in 1862.
In 1863, the African Methodist Episcopal Church acquired ownership of the university. Under the direction of Daniel Payne, a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, John Mitchell, the principal of a school in Cincinnati, and James Shorter, an African Methodist Episcopal pastor from Zanesville, Ohio, Wilberforce reopened its doors. The institution operated as a private university serving the African-American community for the next twenty-four years. In 1887, the State of Ohio began to provide Wilberforce with funds to help finance the institution, brought to an end the university's exclusively private status. The state also helped the university create a Normal and Industrial Department that eventually evolved into Central State University.
Wilberforce University has experienced steady growth throughout the twentieth century. During the last decades of the twentieth century, the institution built a new residence hall, a student health center, a recreation and sports facility, and an administrative center. The university offers more than twenty degree programs and has exchange programs with universities around the world. In 2003, enrollment was more than 1,200 students.
Arson fire damaged some of the buildings in 1865 and tornado in destroyed much of the campus 1974. Below is a partial list of buildings that have been or are on campus:
Galloway Hall - Built in 1905, as an impressive administration building and auditorium. It was destroyed by a tornado in 1974 and was rebuilt as part of the Central State University campus. The new building name is Galloway Alumni Tower.
Bundy Hall (recitation building) – built 1917
Arnett Hall (girls dormitory and classrooms) - built 1901
Kenzia Emery Hall (girls dormitory) - built 1913
Shorter Hall (boys dormitory, classrooms and administration) – built 1867 (fire caused remodeling 1922) – survived 1974 tornado - demolished 1999
Carnegie Library - built 1907 (1909?) – survived 1974 tornado - National Register of Historic Places 2004
J.G. Mitchell Hall (boys dormitory and classrooms) - built 1891
S.T. Mitchell Hall (girls dormitory – Model home for senior girls) - built 1912 - Samuel T. Mitchell, President 1884-1900. Mitchell Hall, which once stood where Central State University's Hallie Q. Brown Library and Education Building stands today, was named for President Mitchell.
O’Neill Hall (boys dormitory and classrooms – first of the state funded buildings) - built 1890
Model School - built 1889
Howell’s Hall - built 1900
Light, Heat and Power Plant – built 1904
Poindexter Hall (built for the printing and drawing departments) - built 1904
Mechanic Arts (built to house carpentry, blacksmithing and machine shops) – built 1914
Tawawa Hospital – built 1916
Beacom Gymnasium – built 1918
Charles Leander Hill Gymnasium – built 1958 - survived 1974 tornado
Margaret Ireland Hall (girls dormitory) – built 1963 – destroyed 1974
Central State University
In 1887, the Ohio General Assembly established a separate institution to be housed on the Wilberforce campus known as the Combined Normal and Industrial Department. The state-supported school was to focus on training blacks for work in industrial trades and as school teachers. Although the Combined Normal and Industrial Department imposed no restrictions on the race or sex of its students, it was understood that the Department was intended primarily to serve Ohio's African American community.
For six decades the Department was administered as part of Wilberforce University. It was set apart, however, by having its own board of trustees which was responsible for administering the state funding of its activities. In 1941, the Department became the College of Education and established a four year program. In 1947 it was declared legally separate from Wilberforce. Although still sharing its campus with Wilberforce, the institution was now the College of Education and Industrial Arts at Wilberforce. In 1951 the Ohio State Legislature added a liberal arts program and renamed the institution Central State College. Former Wilberforce president Charles H. Wesley served as the first president of Central State from 1947 until 1965. Central State became a university in 1965.
View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B05F02_021_1
Subjects: Architecture--Ohio--Pictorial works.; Education; Universities and colleges; Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio; Central State University (Wilberforce, Ohio); Power-plants United States
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
Image ID: SA1039AV_B05F02_021_1
Subjects: Architecture--Ohio--Pictorial works.; Education; Universities and colleges; Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio; Central State University (Wilberforce, Ohio); Power-plants United States
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
Bill Moss portrait Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll32/29232/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: Photograph showing Bill Moss, a long-time local political figure and member of the Columbus Board of Education, taken by photographer Allen Zak for publication in the Columbus Free Press newspaper, ca. 1990. Heavily involved in politics, Moss ran for multiple offices, including a run for Columbus mayor in 1995.
The Columbus Free Press began as a bi-weekly publication in Columbus, Ohio, in 1970. An underground newspaper, it replaced the Ohio State University publication The People, Yes. The earliest known issue of the newspaper appeared on January 4, 1971. The newspaper underwent a series of name changes over the decades, with titles including the Columbus Free Press & Cowtown Times (1972-1976), the Columbus Freepress (1976-1992) and The Free Press (1992-1995). The paper, which covered many liberal and progressive causes, was an alternative to mainstream news sources in central Ohio with the slogan “The Other Side of the News.”
In 1995, the paper ceased publication briefly before reemerging as a website in early 1996, and returning as a print publication under the Free Press title in the form of a quarterly journal in 1998. Published under various frequencies during the first part of the 21st century, the Free Press again became a nonprofit monthly publication in 2017 with both a print and web presence, published by the Columbus Institute for Contemporary Journalism and operated by a volunteer staff and board. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS1301AV_B03F07_02
Subjects: Education--Ohio; African American Ohioans; Democratic Party; Political campaigns;
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
Image ID: MSS1301AV_B03F07_02
Subjects: Education--Ohio; African American Ohioans; Democratic Party; Political campaigns;
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
Horace Mann Memorial Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll32/8502/full/,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: Dated ca. 1940-1949, this photograph shows the Horace Mann Memorial at Antioch College in Yellow Springs in Greene County, Ohio.
The memorial reads: "Horace Mann. 1796 - 1859. First President and Founder of Antioch College. This memorial is erected to perpetuate the memory of an able lawyer, a great statesman and a pioneer in education. May his life and example ever inspire and exalt the students of Antioch College. Hugh Taylor Birch, Donor - 1936."
The Christian Church, a Protestant denomination, founded Antioch College in 1852 as a coeducational, nonsectarian college. A congressman, abolitionist, and reformer, Horace Mann became the first president of Antioch College in 1852. Under Mann, Antioch College adopted a radical new curriculum including study of sciences in addition to liberal arts and classroom discussion. The college also adopted many of Mann's social ideals. It was one of the first to allow women students to study the same curriculum as white men. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00349
Subjects: Memorials--Ohio; Education; Universities and Colleges
Places: Yellow Springs (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
Image ID: AL00349
Subjects: Memorials--Ohio; Education; Universities and Colleges
Places: Yellow Springs (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
Buchtel College print Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll32/11188/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: Print of Buchtel College from "Catalogue of Buchtel College," 1883-1884. Buchtel College was founded in 1870 in Akron, Ohio, and was named after industrialist John Buchtel, a prominent community figure associated with the Universalist Church. Because of financial problems, the college was turned over to the city of Akron in 1913 and renamed the University of Akron.
Written at bottom:
BUCHTEL COLLEGE, AKRON, OHIO. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03867
Subjects: Universities and colleges Ohio; University of Akron; Education, Higher--Ohio--History; College buildings
Places: Akron (Ohio); Summit County (Ohio)
Image ID: AL03867
Subjects: Universities and colleges Ohio; University of Akron; Education, Higher--Ohio--History; College buildings
Places: Akron (Ohio); Summit County (Ohio)
Worthington female seminary illustration Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll32/13116/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: Sketch of the Worthington Female Seminary in 1846. The seminary was run by the Ohio Methodist Conference and was located in downtown Worthington, Ohio. In the 1850s, more women chose to go to the new Ohio Wesleyan Female College in Delaware and the seminary was closed. In the 1870s, it became a "Normal School" that trained teachers, as Ohio realized the need to have better trained teachers in the state. This image is from "Historical Collections of Ohio" by Henry Howe, 1952. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04060
Subjects: Women--Education - Ohio; Worthington (Ohio); Education, Higher--Ohio--History; Teachers--Training of
Places: Worthington (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
Image ID: AL04060
Subjects: Women--Education - Ohio; Worthington (Ohio); Education, Higher--Ohio--History; Teachers--Training of
Places: Worthington (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
Garden Club photograph Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll32/11966/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: Group photograph of members of a boys' and girls' garden club in Prince Georges County, Maryland, ca. 1920-1921. The photograph shows children holding spades, shovels and other gardening implements, and is from the Albert Belmont Graham Collection. Based on his experiences as a school superintendent in rural Ohio, Graham advocated for the consolidation of rural schools and promoted agricultural education. He is best known as the founder of the Boys and Girls Agricultural Clubs which became the 4-H organization. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05421
Subjects: Agricultural education; Cultural Ohio--Education; Societies and clubs; Garden tools; Gardening
Places: Prince Georges County (Maryland); Springfield (Ohio); Clark County (Ohio)
Image ID: AL05421
Subjects: Agricultural education; Cultural Ohio--Education; Societies and clubs; Garden tools; Gardening
Places: Prince Georges County (Maryland); Springfield (Ohio); Clark County (Ohio)
Boys planting tree Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll32/11967/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: Four young boys planting a tree in an unknown location, ca. 1909. The photograph is from the Albert Belmont Graham Collection. Based on his experiences as a school superintendent in rural Ohio, Graham advocated for the consolidation of rural schools and promoted agricultural education. He is best known as the founder of the Boys and Girls Agricultural Clubs which became the 4-H organization. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05422
Subjects: Trees; Cultural Ohio--Education; Children; Agricultural education
Places: Springfield (Ohio); Clark County (Ohio)
Image ID: AL05422
Subjects: Trees; Cultural Ohio--Education; Children; Agricultural education
Places: Springfield (Ohio); Clark County (Ohio)
Wilberforce University - Galloway Hall photograph Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll34/450/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: Caption reads: "Greene County - Wilberforce University. Galloway Hall."
Embossed on the front of the photograph is: "Sam R. Kremer, Photographer, Dayton, O."
Wilberforce University is located on US 42, three miles from Xenia, Ohio on land that at one time occupied the Tawawa Springs summer resort. In 1856, the Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University near Xenia, Ohio, to provide African American access to a college education. The university was the first private black college in the United States. Its founders named the institution after William Wilberforce, a prominent eighteenth-century abolitionist. A number of African-American Ohioans attended the school during its early years. During the American Civil War, attendance declined as many students enlisted in the Union army. Wilberforce University closed in 1862.
In 1863, the African Methodist Episcopal Church acquired ownership of the university. Under the direction of Daniel Payne, a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, John Mitchell, the principal of a school in Cincinnati, and James Shorter, an African Methodist Episcopal pastor from Zanesville, Ohio, Wilberforce reopened its doors. The institution operated as a private university serving the African-American community for the next twenty-four years. In 1887, the State of Ohio began to provide Wilberforce with funds to help finance the institution, brought to an end the university's exclusively private status. The state also helped the university create a Normal and Industrial Department that eventually evolved into Central State University.
Wilberforce University has experienced steady growth throughout the twentieth century. During the last decades of the twentieth century, the institution built a new residence hall, a student health center, a recreation and sports facility, and an administrative center. The university offers more than twenty degree programs and has exchange programs with universities around the world. In 2003, enrollment was more than 1,200 students.
Arson fire damaged some of the buildings in 1865 and tornado in destroyed much of the campus 1974. Below is a partial list of buildings that have been or are on campus:
Galloway Hall - Built in 1905, as an impressive administration building and auditorium. It was destroyed by a tornado in 1974 and was rebuilt as part of the Central State University campus. The new building name is Galloway Alumni Tower.
Bundy Hall (recitation building) – built 1917
Arnett Hall (girls dormitory and classrooms) - built 1901
Kenzia Emery Hall (girls dormitory) - built 1913
Shorter Hall (boys dormitory, classrooms and administration) – built 1867 (fire caused remodeling 1922) – survived 1974 tornado - demolished 1999
Carnegie Library - built 1907 (1909?) – survived 1974 tornado - National Register of Historic Places 2004
J.G. Mitchell Hall (boys dormitory and classrooms) - built 1891
S.T. Mitchell Hall (girls dormitory – Model home for senior girls) - built 1912 - Samuel T. Mitchell, President 1884-1900. Mitchell Hall, which once stood where Central State University's Hallie Q. Brown Library and Education Building stands today, was named for President Mitchell.
O’Neill Hall (boys dormitory and classrooms – first of the state funded buildings) - built 1890
Model School - built 1889
Howell’s Hall - built 1900
Light, Heat and Power Plant – built 1904
Poindexter Hall (built for the printing and drawing departments) - built 1904
Mechanic Arts (built to house carpentry, blacksmithing and machine shops) – built 1914
Tawawa Hospital – built 1916
Beacom Gymnasium – built 1918
Charles Leander Hill Gymnasium – built 1958 - survived 1974 tornado
Margaret Ireland Hall (girls dormitory) – built 1963 – destroyed 1974
Central State University
In 1887, the Ohio General Assembly established a separate institution to be housed on the Wilberforce campus known as the Combined Normal and Industrial Department. The state-supported school was to focus on training blacks for work in industrial trades and as school teachers. Although the Combined Normal and Industrial Department imposed no restrictions on the race or sex of its students, it was understood that the Department was intended primarily to serve Ohio's African American community.
For six decades the Department was administered as part of Wilberforce University. It was set apart, however, by having its own board of trustees which was responsible for administering the state funding of its activities. In 1941, the Department became the College of Education and established a four year program. In 1947 it was declared legally separate from Wilberforce. Although still sharing its campus with Wilberforce, the institution was now the College of Education and Industrial Arts at Wilberforce. In 1951 the Ohio State Legislature added a liberal arts program and renamed the institution Central State College. Former Wilberforce president Charles H. Wesley served as the first president of Central State from 1947 until 1965. Central State became a university in 1965. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B05F02_030_1
Subjects: Architecture--Ohio--Pictorial works.; Education; Universities and colleges; Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio; Central State University (Wilberforce, Ohio)
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
Image ID: SA1039AV_B05F02_030_1
Subjects: Architecture--Ohio--Pictorial works.; Education; Universities and colleges; Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio; Central State University (Wilberforce, Ohio)
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
Wilberforce University - Mitchell Hall photograph Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll34/453/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: Caption reads: "Greene County - Wilberforce University, Oct. 20, 1936. Mitchell Hall, near Xenia, Ohio. Basement to be remodeled. Project not yet approved."
Wilberforce University is located on US 42, three miles from Xenia, Ohio on land that at one time occupied the Tawawa Springs summer resort. In 1856, the Methodist Episcopal Church established Wilberforce University near Xenia, Ohio, to provide African American access to a college education. The university was the first private black college in the United States. Its founders named the institution after William Wilberforce, a prominent eighteenth-century abolitionist. A number of African-American Ohioans attended the school during its early years. During the American Civil War, attendance declined as many students enlisted in the Union army. Wilberforce University closed in 1862.
In 1863, the African Methodist Episcopal Church acquired ownership of the university. Under the direction of Daniel Payne, a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, John Mitchell, the principal of a school in Cincinnati, and James Shorter, an African Methodist Episcopal pastor from Zanesville, Ohio, Wilberforce reopened its doors. The institution operated as a private university serving the African-American community for the next twenty-four years. In 1887, the State of Ohio began to provide Wilberforce with funds to help finance the institution, brought to an end the university's exclusively private status. The state also helped the university create a Normal and Industrial Department that eventually evolved into Central State University.
Wilberforce University has experienced steady growth throughout the twentieth century. During the last decades of the twentieth century, the institution built a new residence hall, a student health center, a recreation and sports facility, and an administrative center. The university offers more than twenty degree programs and has exchange programs with universities around the world. In 2003, enrollment was more than 1,200 students.
Arson fire damaged some of the buildings in 1865 and tornado in destroyed much of the campus 1974. Below is a partial list of buildings that have been or are on campus:
Galloway Hall - Built in 1905, as an impressive administration building and auditorium. It was destroyed by a tornado in 1974 and was rebuilt as part of the Central State University campus. The new building name is Galloway Alumni Tower.
Bundy Hall (recitation building) – built 1917
Arnett Hall (girls dormitory and classrooms) - built 1901
Kenzia Emery Hall (girls dormitory) - built 1913
Shorter Hall (boys dormitory, classrooms and administration) – built 1867 (fire caused remodeling 1922) – survived 1974 tornado - demolished 1999
Carnegie Library - built 1907 (1909?) – survived 1974 tornado - National Register of Historic Places 2004
J.G. Mitchell Hall (boys dormitory and classrooms) - built 1891
S.T. Mitchell Hall (girls dormitory – Model home for senior girls) - built 1912 - Samuel T. Mitchell, President 1884-1900. Mitchell Hall, which once stood where Central State University's Hallie Q. Brown Library and Education Building stands today, was named for President Mitchell.
O’Neill Hall (boys dormitory and classrooms – first of the state funded buildings) - built 1890
Model School - built 1889
Howell’s Hall - built 1900
Light, Heat and Power Plant – built 1904
Poindexter Hall (built for the printing and drawing departments) - built 1904
Mechanic Arts (built to house carpentry, blacksmithing and machine shops) – built 1914
Tawawa Hospital – built 1916
Beacom Gymnasium – built 1918
Charles Leander Hill Gymnasium – built 1958 - survived 1974 tornado
Margaret Ireland Hall (girls dormitory) – built 1963 – destroyed 1974
Central State University
In 1887, the Ohio General Assembly established a separate institution to be housed on the Wilberforce campus known as the Combined Normal and Industrial Department. The state-supported school was to focus on training blacks for work in industrial trades and as school teachers. Although the Combined Normal and Industrial Department imposed no restrictions on the race or sex of its students, it was understood that the Department was intended primarily to serve Ohio's African American community.
For six decades the Department was administered as part of Wilberforce University. It was set apart, however, by having its own board of trustees which was responsible for administering the state funding of its activities. In 1941, the Department became the College of Education and established a four year program. In 1947 it was declared legally separate from Wilberforce. Although still sharing its campus with Wilberforce, the institution was now the College of Education and Industrial Arts at Wilberforce. In 1951 the Ohio State Legislature added a liberal arts program and renamed the institution Central State College. Former Wilberforce president Charles H. Wesley served as the first president of Central State from 1947 until 1965. Central State became a university in 1965. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B05F02_026_1
Subjects: Architecture--Ohio--Pictorial works.; Education; Universities and colleges; Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio; Central State University (Wilberforce, Ohio)
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
Image ID: SA1039AV_B05F02_026_1
Subjects: Architecture--Ohio--Pictorial works.; Education; Universities and colleges; Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio; Central State University (Wilberforce, Ohio)
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio)
Central State University, Arnett Hall Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll32/14671/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: Arnett Hall on the campus of Central State University. Central State University originated on March 19, 1887, when the Ohio General Assembly passed an act establishing a Combined Normal and Industrial (CN&I) Department at Wilberforce University. Through various transitional changes, it emerged as an independent, state university. In 1941, the General Assembly expanded the CN&I, which offered two-year courses, into the College of Education and Industrial Arts, with four-year programs. In 1947, it separated from Wilberforce University. The history of Central State University tells the history of higher education and advancement for African Americans in Ohio. It is within the walls of these structures, and others unfortunately demolished or destroyed by the 1974 tornado, that thousands of African Americans received valuable training for successful and rewarding careers. Thus, many of the contributions of African Americans to the promotion and betterment of education, medicine, law, social justice, technology, and the arts in Ohio have their roots here on the campus of Central State University. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06809
Subjects: Central State College; Cultural Ohio--Education; Multicultural Ohio--African American Ohioans
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio); Ohio
Image ID: AL06809
Subjects: Central State College; Cultural Ohio--Education; Multicultural Ohio--African American Ohioans
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio); Ohio
Central State University, O'Neill Hall Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll32/14672/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: O'Neill Hall on the campus of Central State University. Central State University originated on March 19, 1887, when the Ohio General Assembly passed an act establishing a Combined Normal and Industrial (CN&I) Department at Wilberforce University. Through various transitional changes, it emerged as an independent, state university. In 1941, the General Assembly expanded the CN&I, which offered two-year courses, into the College of Education and Industrial Arts, with four-year programs. In 1947, it separated from Wilberforce University. The history of Central State University tells the history of higher education and advancement for African Americans in Ohio. It is within the walls of these structures, and others unfortunately demolished or destroyed by the 1974 tornado, that thousands of African Americans received valuable training for successful and rewarding careers. Thus, many of the contributions of African Americans to the promotion and betterment of education, medicine, law, social justice, technology, and the arts in Ohio have their roots here on the campus of Central State University. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06810
Subjects: Central State College; Cultural Ohio--Education; Multicultural Ohio--African American Ohioans
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio); Ohio
Image ID: AL06810
Subjects: Central State College; Cultural Ohio--Education; Multicultural Ohio--African American Ohioans
Places: Wilberforce (Ohio); Greene County (Ohio); Ohio
Ohio University Save
![](https://ohiomemory.org/digital/iiif/p267401coll32/14681/full/600,600/0/default.jpg)
Description: An aerial view of the campus of Ohio University in Athens. The university is the first institution of higher learning in the Northwest Territory, second west of the Allegheny Mountains, and the first in the United States to be endowed with land by the government with proceeds used to pay for its operations-revenue from two townships was set aside to support the university. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06819
Subjects: Ohio University; Cultural Ohio--Education; Universities and colleges; Education, Higher; Northwest Territory--History
Places: Athens (Ohio); Athens County (Ohio); Ohio
Image ID: AL06819
Subjects: Ohio University; Cultural Ohio--Education; Universities and colleges; Education, Higher; Northwest Territory--History
Places: Athens (Ohio); Athens County (Ohio); Ohio