Description: Dated ca. 1935-1940, this is a photograph of a plaque which reads "Burial Place of Remains of Indian Martyrs. 1782--1798." In the nine-acre plot at Gnadenhutten, German for "Tents of Grace," is a stone monument commemorating the 96 Christian American Indians massacred in 1872 by white men. They are buried in the mound inside the park. After David Zeisberger had established Moravian missions for the Indians at Schoenbrunn, a group of Christian Indians led by Joshua, a Mohican elder, came in 1772 and founded Gnadenhutten. Surrounded by American Indian groups, a ring of British forts on the west, and freebooters in nearby settlements, the little community held on until 1781 when a white renegade, Elliott, and Delware (Lenape) chiefs, Captain Pipe and Half-King, forced the American Indians at Gnadenhutten to move to the Sandusky plains. The winter was severe and their meager supplies ran low. In February of the following year, a large group returned to the Tuscarawas valley to salvage what they could of the crops remaining in the fields. At the same time, a punitive expedition under Captain David Williamson left Pennsylvania for Gnadenhutten, arriving on March 7, the day before the American Indians were to return to Sandusky. Feigning friendship, the soldiers easily succeeded in disarming the men, and imprisoned them in one building, placing the women and children in another. The American Indians spend the night in prayer, while the militiamen got drunk. At dawn, the executions began. One soldier felled fourteen American Indians before he relinquished his tomahawk. Gnadenhutten was pillaged and burned. Two American Indian boys who had been scalped escaped to Schoenbrunn to warn their fellow Christians. This heinous massacre further aroused Ohio natives against the white Americans. This photograph is one of the many visual materials collected for use in the Ohio Guide. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Works Progress Administration by executive order to create jobs for the large numbers of unemployed laborers, as well as artists, musicians, actors, and writers. The Federal Arts Program, a sector of the Works Progress Administration, included the Federal Writers’ Project, one of the primary goals of which was to complete the America Guide series, a series of guidebooks for each state which included state history, art, architecture, music, literature, and points of interest to the major cities and tours throughout the state. Work on the Ohio Guide began in 1935 with the publication of several pamphlets and brochures. The Reorganization Act of 1939 consolidated the Works Progress Administration and other agencies into the Federal Works Administration, and the Federal Writers’ Project became the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio. The final product was published in 1940 and went through several editions. The Ohio Guide Collection consists of 4,769 photographs collected for use in Ohio Guide and other publications of the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio from 1935-1939. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B15F01_021
Subjects: American Indians in Ohio; American Indian history; Tuscarawas County (Ohio); Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Gnadenhutten Massacre, Gnadenhutten, Ohio, 1782
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas (Ohio)
 

Description: Handwritten on reverse: "Gnadenhutten Indian Monument. S.H. Green, W. High Ave. New Phila." This photograph shows a 35 foot tall limestone (another account says Indiana Marble) obelisk bearing the inscription (on the south side): "Here triumphed in death ninety Christian Indians, March 8, 1782." The north side bears the date of the dedication ceremony. The Gnadenhutten Monument Fund commissioned R.S. Miller of Indiana to construct the memorial, in 1871. It stands in the in the center of the old village, in the Gnadenhutten Historical Park and Cemetery, on Cherry Street. The Gnadenhutten massacre, also known as the Moravian massacre, was the killing on March 8, 1782, of ninety-six Christian Lenape (Delaware) by colonial American militia from Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War. The incident took place at the Moravian missionary village of Gnadenhütten, Ohio, near present-day Gnadenhutten. The site of the village was preserved. A reconstructed cabin and cooper's house were built there, and a monument to the dead was erected. The village site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B09F10_028_1
Subjects: Monuments--Ohio; Memorials--Ohio; Obelisks; Gnadenhutten Massacre, Gnadenhutten, Ohio, 1782; National Register of Historic Places
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Reverse reads: “Monument erected in memory of death of 90 Christian Indians at Gnadenhutten O. Tus. Co.” This photograph shows a 35 foot tall limestone (another account says Indiana Marble) obelisk bearing the inscription (on the south side): "Here triumphed in death ninety Christian Indians, March 8, 1782." The north side bears the date of the dedication ceremony. The Gnadenhutten Monument Fund commissioned R.S. Miller of Indiana to construct the memorial, in 1871. It stands in the in the center of the old village, in the Gnadenhutten Historical Park and Cemetery, on Cherry Street. The Gnadenhutten massacre, also known as the Moravian massacre, was the killing on March 8, 1782, of ninety-six Christian Lenape (Delaware) by colonial American militia from Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War. The incident took place at the Moravian missionary village of Gnadenhütten, Ohio, near present-day Gnadenhutten. The site of the village was preserved. A reconstructed cabin and cooper's house were built there, and a monument to the dead was erected. The village site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B14F01_004_001
Subjects: Monuments--Ohio; Memorials--Ohio; Obelisks; Gnadenhutten Massacre, Gnadenhutten, Ohio, 1782; National Register of Historic Places
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph shows a 35 foot tall limestone (another account says Indiana Marble) obelisk bearing the inscription (on the south side): "Here triumphed in death ninety Christian Indians, March 8, 1782." The north side bears the date of the dedication ceremony. The Gnadenhutten Monument Fund commissioned R.S. Miller of Indiana to construct the memorial, in 1871. It stands in the in the center of the old village, in the Gnadenhutten Historical Park and Cemetery, on Cherry Street. The Gnadenhutten massacre, also known as the Moravian massacre, was the killing on March 8, 1782, of ninety-six Christian Lenape (Delaware) by colonial American militia from Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War. The incident took place at the Moravian missionary village of Gnadenhütten, Ohio, near present-day Gnadenhutten. The site of the village was preserved. A reconstructed cabin and cooper's house were built there, and a monument to the dead was erected. The village site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B14F03_025_001
Subjects: Monuments--Ohio; Memorials--Ohio; Gnadenhutten Massacre, Gnadenhutten, Ohio, 1782; American Indians in Ohio
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: This monument to the American Indians who were massacred at Gnadenhutten was erected in 1872. The inscription reads, "Here triumphed in death ninety Christian Indians March 8 1782." The photograph measures 8" x 10" (20.32 x 25.4 cm). Gnadenhutten, which means "huts of grace," was settled by Moravian missionaries and Mohican Indians in 1772. The Indians converted to Christianity, wore Western dress and lived in European-style villages. In September 1781, British troops tried to get the Indians to support them against the colonists in the Revolutionary War. When they refused, Indians at Gnadenhutten and nearby Schoenbrunn and Salem were rounded up and taken to present-day Sandusky County, Ohio. Conditions there were harsh, and in February a group of Indians were given permission to briefly return to Gnadenhutten to gather food. Once they arrived in Gnadenhutten, however, a force under Colonel Williamson accused them of stealing and raiding American settlements in Pennsylvania. After spending the night praying and singing, ninety Indians, including women and children, were killed on March 8, 1782 and Gnadenhutten was burned. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3151_3928602_001
Subjects: Military Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Monuments & memorials; Gnadenhutten Massacre
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: This 1930s-era photograph shows an area surrounded by an iron fence with 10 stone pillars. The body of David Zeisberger, missionary and founder of nearby Gnadenhutten, as well as William Edwards, missionary, and William Henry "Chief Killbuck" Gelelemend, who was head chief of the Delaware Indian Council, are buried within the enclosure. There are also several rows of Indian graves and a few other missionaries buried in the cemetery. Zeisbergers Memorial Cemetery, sometimes called the Goshen-Indian Cemetery, is located between Goshen Valley Road SE (Township Hwy 322) and David Road SE in Goshen. A Moravian village was established in Goshen in 1798 by David Zeisberger, of Pennsylvania, and a band of Christian Indians. For 16 years after the Gnadenhutten massacre in 1782 the little band of refugees had moved from place to place. In 1798 they went back to Tuscarawas, setting up new villages on the 12, 000 acres of land granted them by Congress, and prospered for a while. But the deaths of the missionaries and the return of Pastor Heckwelder to Pennsylvania left the Ohio converts without effective guidance, and Goshen and the other missions settlements declined. In 1832 Goshen ceded its holdings to the Government for $6, 654, and the town virtually disappeared. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B15F01_018
Subjects: Cemeteries--Ohio; Moravian Church -- Missions -- Ohio; Gnadenhutten Massacre, Gnadenhutten, Ohio, 1782; Zeisberger, David, 1721-1808
Places: Gnadenhutten; Goshen (Ohio); New Philadelphia (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Illustration showing the massacre of American Indians led by Colonel David Williamson of the Pennsylvania militia. In 1772, Moravian missionaries founded a mission for American Indians in the Ohio Country at Schoenbrunn ("Beautiful Spring" in German). Because of its success, Rev. David Zeisberger founded a second village in the same year at Gnadenhutten ("Tents of Grace" in German). Life at Gnadenhutten was similar to life at Schoenbrunn. On March 8 and 9, 1782, a group of Pennsylvania militiamen under the command of Williamson attacked the mission and the American Indians on site in retaliation for the deaths and kidnappings of several white Pennsylvanians, although this particular group of so-called "Christian Delaware" had recently returned from their new outpost at Upper Sandusky to forage for crops, and had no connection to the Pennsylvania attack. In all, Williamson's men murdered 28 men, 29 women, and 39 children, and the village was burned. There were only two survivors, who informed Moravian missionaries and other American Indians as to what had occurred. This illustration comes from William Dean Howells' "Stories of Ohio" (1897). View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07916
Subjects: Gnadenhutten Massacre; Moravian Church -- Missions -- Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Delaware Indians -- History
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Memorial built to remember the massacre of ninety Moravian Christian Indians by white settlers on March 8, 1782. The memorial, located in Gnadenhutten, Tuscarawas County, Ohio, reads "Here triumphed in death ninety Christian Indians March 8, 1782." View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00630
Subjects: American Indians; Ohio History--Settlement and Early Statehood
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: This is a photograph of the village of Gnadenhutten, Ohio in the County of Tuscarawas. Lead by missionary Rev. David Zeisberger, this village was settled in 1772 as a mission for the Delaware Indians. In 1781, they were ordered to abandon the village and move to northern. They settled on the Sandusky River, but it was too late in the year to plant crops. After a winter of starvation in 1781-1782, a group was sent back to Gnadenhutten in March 1872 to harvest any crops they could find. On March 8, the group was attacked by the militiamen who mistakenly thought they were the ones responsible for attacks on Pennsylvania settlements. The Christian Delawares were placed in two abandoned buildings, one for the men and one for the women. They were told that they would be executed in the morning. The Christian Delawares spent the night singing and praying. In the morning, the soldiers took them to a cabin in pairs and killed them. In all, twenty-eight men, twenty-nine women and thirty-nine children were murdered. There were only two survivors, who informed the Moravian missionaries and the other Christian Indians about what had occurred. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B14F01_005_001
Subjects: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio); Moravian Church; American Indians; Religion
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Plaque reads “In a cellar under this mound, Reverend J. Heckewelder and D. Peter, in 1779, deposited the bones. Burial mound (18 ft. across, 5 ft. high) located 200 feet south of a 37-foot-high monument made of Indiana marble. The Gnadenhutten massacre of 100 Christian Delaware Indians by American militia is often called the worst atrocity of the American Revolution. A raiding party of 160 Pennsylvania militiamen led by Lieutenant Colonel David Williamson, executed 96 Christian Indians: 28 men, 29 women and 39 children. Their skulls were crushed by mallets and they were scalped. Two young boys escaped. The town was burned and a missionary later found the bodies and buried them in a mass grave. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B15F01_030
Subjects: Monument--indian massacre--German missionaries--Moravian Christians; Gnadenhutten Massacre
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); New Philadelphia (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Handwritten on reverse: "Zeisbergers Cemetery at Goshen. S.H. Green West High Ave. New Phila." This photograph shows an area surrounded by an iron fence with 10 stone pillars. The body of David Zeisberger, missionary and founder of nearby Gnadenhutten, as well as William Edwards, missionary, and William Henry "Chief Killbuck" Gelelemend, who was head chief of the Delaware Indian Council are buried within the enclosure. There are also several rows of Indian graves and a few other missionaries buried in the cemetery. Zeisbergers Memorial Cemetery, sometimes called the Goshen-Indian Cemetery, is located between Goshen Valley Road SE (Township Hwy 322) and David Road SE in Goshen. A Moravian village was established in Goshen in 1798 by David Zeisberger, of Pennsylvania, and a band of Christian Indians. For 16 years after the Gnadenhutten massacre in 1782 the little band of refugees had moved from place to place. In 1798 they went back to Tuscarawas, setting up new villages on the 12,000 acres of land granted them by Congress, and prospered for a while. But the deaths of the missionaries and the return of Pastor Heckwelder to Pennsylvania left the Ohio converts without effective guidance, and Goshen and the other missions settlements declined. In 1832 Goshen ceded its holdings to the Government for $6,654, and the town virtually disappeared. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B09F10_036_1
Subjects: Cemeteries--Ohio--Tuscarawas County; Moravian Church--Missions--Ohio--History; Gnadenhutten Massacre, Gnadenhutten, Ohio, 1782; Zeisberger, David, 1721-1808
Places: Goshen (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Reverse reads: “Making sewer pipe near Gnadenhutten Tuscarawas County, Ohio” The photo depicts a group of WPA workers constructing sewer pipes. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B14F03_029_001
Subjects: Works Progress Administration of Ohio (U.S.); Sewer-pipe--Design and construction; Sewer-pipe--Materials
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)