Description: Portrait photograph of Black Bear, a chief of the Lakota people, seen posing with a pipe and wearing a feather in his scalplock. His hair is braided in strips of cloth whose ends are draped over his right forearm. He wears a scarf or neckerchief tied at the front and held by a shell-like clasp. According to an article in "Nebraska History," the magazine of the Nebraska Historical Society, the photographer who took this image likely was Daniel S. Mitchell. He left his studio and family in Boston and departed for the Black Hills area around 1874. He had a photography studio in Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, from 1876 to 1877. He formed a partnership with another photographer, Joseph H. McGowan, 1877, that was supported by Gatchel & Hyatt, a firm in St. Louis, Missouri. (Gatchel & Hyatt also had branches in Louisville and in Cincinnati.) The two men worked as traveling photographers who set up a tent studio in towns along the Union Pacific Railroad route. In early fall 1877 Mitchell is believed to have traveled to the Red Cloud Agency in northwestern Nebraska and photographed portraits of Dakota and Arapahoe Indian chiefs. This portrait of Black Bear is included in that group. Mitchell, McGowan, & Co. settled in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1878, but the partnership dissolved in the fall of that year. The back of this card reads: "Mitchell & McGowan, Traveling Photographers. Headquarters, Gatchell & Hyatt, No. 11 South Fifth Street. St. Louis, Mo." A line written in pencil reads: " J. F. Bush 1882." The name "Black Bear" also is penciled on the the back. The Smithsonian Institution's National Anthropological Archives has a undated stereoscopic photograph titled "Twenty-four Portraits of Chiefs, Most in Partial Native Dress with Pipes." The photographic, which resembles a small portrait gallery, includes an image of Black Bear in a slightly different pose. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03833
Subjects: American Indians--Portraits; American Indian history and society; Clothing and dress; Oglala Indians; United States. Office of Indian Affairs. Red Cloud Agency
Places: St. Louis (Missouri)
 

Description: First portrait to be labelled George Fox. It was engraved and published in 1799. When the National Portrait Gallery examined the engraving in 1932, they said the painting from which it was made was probably done in the latter part of the 18th century. George Fox, born in England in July of 1624 was an English dissenter of religion and politics. He became the founder of the Society of Friends. He died on January 13, 1691 and was buried in the Nonconformists' burying ground at Bunhill Fields in London, England. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07934
Subjects: Portraits; Quakers; Society of Friends;
Places: London (England)
 

Description: This is a photograph of a crayon drawing by Francis Place (1647-1728). Francis Place was an English gentleman, potter, engraver and print maker. In 1680 he became interested in art. William Penn was born on October 14, 1644 in London, England. He was the founder of the Province of Pennsylvania after he had become a Quaker. The King of England granted Penn 45,000 square miles of land, making him the land owner of the largest tract of land in the world. He granted the land to Quakers and other persecuted religious people. William Penn returned to England. He died on July 30, 1715 near Twyford in Berkshire, England President Ronald Reagan madeWilliam Penn an honorary citizen of the United States of America November 28, 1984. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07935
Subjects: Quakers; Drawings (visual works); Portraits; Artists; Penn, William, 1644-1718
 

Description: Taken from an engraving that is the earliest published portrait of William Penn. Drawn in 1770 in Phladelphia. He was the founder of the Province of Pennsylvania after he had become a Quaker. The King of England granted Penn 45,000 square miles of land, making him the land owner of the largest tract of land in the world. He granted the land to Quakers and other persecuted religious people. William Penn returned to England. He died on July 30, 1715 near Twyford in Berkshire, England. President Ronald Reagan made William Penn an honorary citizen of the United States of America on November 28, 1984. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07936
Subjects: Quakers; Drawings (visual works); Portraits; Artists; Penn, William, 1644-1718
Places: Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: This print shows a facsimile bust drawing of Governor Arthur St. Clair (1734-1818) from life by Colonel Joseph Trumbull (first commissary general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.) In this portrait St. Clair is wearing a cocked hat with cockade. Printed at the bottom edge of the print is the caption “Fac Simile [sic] of a pencil drawing from life by Colo. Trumbull.” The name of Arthur St. Clair is handwritten in black ink underneath the caption. Also visible are the hand-printed names “J.B. Longacre” and “H.B. Hall.” Arthur St. Clair was a political and military leader in the Ohio country during the American Revolution and first years of the new nation. He was the first governor of the Northwest Territory and also served as governor of the Ohio Territory. St. Clair was born on March 23, 1736, in Scotland. Some sources list his birth year as 1734 or 1737. Little is known of his early years, and there still is some dispute over exactly who his parents were. He probably studied briefly at the University of Edinburgh and then left school to study anatomy with a man named William Hunter. By 1757, St. Clair had enlisted in the British army as an ensign and was serving in North America during the French and Indian War. During the American Revolutionary War, he rose to the rank of major general in the Continental Army but lost his command after a controversial retreat. Under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which created the Northwest Territory, General St. Clair was appointed governor of what is now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, along with parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota. He named Cincinnati, Ohio, after the Society of the Cincinnati, and it was there that he established his home. When the territory was divided in 1800, he served as governor of the Ohio Territory. James B. Longacre was the fourth Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, a post he held from 1844 until his death in 1869. Before his appointment to that post, Longacre had established himself as one of the nation’s finest engravers, known for his elegant engravings based on portraits by other artists. He and James Herring collaborated on a four-volume work entitled “The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans. Conducted by James B. Longacre, Philadelphia; and James Herring, New York. Under the superintendance of the American Academy of the Fine Arts” (published between 1834-1839). As chief engraver of the U.S. Mint, he designed the Indian Head cent (1859 to 1909) in 1859); the Shield nickel (1866 to 1883); Flying Eagle cent (1856 to 1858), and other coins of the period. Henry Bryan Hall (1808-1884) was an English stipple engraver and portrait painter. Born in England, he came to the United States in 1850. He established the firm H.B. Hall & Sons, New York, which achieved great acclaim for its engravings and portraits of political and military leaders. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05827
Subjects: Ohio History--Military Ohio; St. Clair, Arthur, 1736-1818--Portraits; American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783
Places: Northwest Territory
 

Description: This hand-colored lithograph of the celebrated Miami Chief Francis Godfroy is based on a painting by James Otto Lewis, ca. 1827. Francis Godfroy (1788–1840) was born and lived in what is now the state of Indiana; his Miami name was Palaanswa. He was the son of a French trader and a Miami woman. Godfroy, along with other Miami leaders, used his status as a trader and negotiator to secure higher payments for Miami lands ceded through treaty, and to delay the forced removal of his people for longer than many other Midwestern tribes. This portrait appeared in Lewis's book "Aboriginal Portfolio," published in ten parts beginning in 1835. Lewis painted from life, generally finding his subjects gathered for treaty negotiations with the United States government. He was paid for these portraits by the War Department, which at that time had control over all federal relationships with American Indians. Godfroy's clothing choice in this portrait reflects both his mixed heritage and contemporary use of European clothing by American Indians. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: OVS3309
Subjects: American Indian tribal leaders; Myaamia Tribe (Miami); American Indians--Portraits; Treaties;
Places: Fort Wayne (Indiana)
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Shawnee leader Ca-Ta-He-Cas-Sa, or Black Hoof, published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Little is known about Black Hoof's early years. Allied with the French, he was present at the defeat of Edward Braddock during the French and Indian War. He did fight at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and represented the Shawnee at the signing of the Treaty of Greenville. After this, Black Hoof became convinced that the Indians had no hope against the whites except to adopt their customs. Using his influence with the Shawnee, Black Hoof encouraged the Shawnee to adopt the whites' way of living. By 1808, his followers established farms at Wapakoneta. Conflicts between the Shawnee and settlers continued. In 1826, Black Hoof led several hundred Shawnee people to the Kansas territory. After leading his followers to Kansas, Black Hoof returned to Wapakoneta and died there in 1831. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02908
Subjects: American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; Iroquois Confederacy; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington D.C.
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Shawnee leader Qua-Ta-Wa-Pea, commonly referred to as Colonel Lewis, published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Qua-Ta-Wa-Pea, whose name means "The man on the water who sinks and rises again," was born at Pickaway Plains, Ohio. He lived for many years near Wapakoneta, Ohio. McKenney and Hall say in their book that Colonel Lewis' rise to chief was entirely accidental. An American government official mistook Qua-Ta-Wa-Pea for the chief and his tribe followed suit, believing that was the wish of the government. Eventually, Colonel Lewis moved to land west of the Mississippi that was given to the Shawnee by the American government, and there he died in 1826. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02909
Subjects: Shawnee Tribe; American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington D.C.
 

Description: This image is a photograph of a cabinet card portrait of a woman. The cabinet card was propped against a rail or post before the photograph was taken. The unidentified woman in the cabinet card portrait is wearing a square-necked dress or blouse. Her hair is pinned back, but a loose curl hangs down the back of her neck. The photographer may have been Reverend Henry E. Cooke (1857-1915), son of the prominent American banker and financier Jay Cooke (1821-1905). Henry E. Cooke acted as his family's historian and photographer. He created or compiled poetry, sketches, humorous anecdotes, and several thousand photographs that documented three generations of the Cooke family. Henry E. Cooke graduated from Princeton and had his first posting at Trinity Church in Manchester, New Hampshire. He later became the head of the Episcopal Church in San Francisco. After only a year, he returned to Ohio and eventually became head of the Church in Cleveland, Ohio. He married Esther Clarkson Russell (1863-1945) and had two children, Henry Eleutheros Cooke (Harry) and Russell Cooke. Gilbert & Bacon, the portrait studio established by Philadelphia photographers Charles M. Gilbert (b. ca. 1848) and William F. Bacon (ca. 1843-1900), operated ca. 1874-ca. 1929. The firm specialized in celebrity portraiture and photographed actors, baseball players, and members of high society. Following the death of Bacon in 1900, the firm continued in business under the management of Gilbert and Bacon's son Frank T. into the early 20th century. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06292
Subjects: Cabinet photographs; Studio portraits; Portraits; Cooke, Jay, 1821-1905; Family history
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Myaamia (Miami) leader Mi-A-Qu-A, published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04513
Subjects: Myaamia Tribe (Miami); American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington D.C.
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Cherokee Tah-Chee published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04514
Subjects: Cherokee Tribe; American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington D.C.
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Shawnee leader Tenskwatawa, or The Prophet, published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Tenskwatawa worked with his brother Tecumseh to unite American Indian tribes in the Northwest Territory to defend themselves against white settlers. The title across bottom of the page reads "Tens-Kwau-Ta-Waw." Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian Gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02992
Subjects: Shawnee Tribe; American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington (District of Columbia)