Description: Photograph showing prisoners in formation at the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio, ca. 1860. The Ohio Penitentiary opened on Spring Street in 1834, and continued to house prisoners until 1979. The state had built a small prison in Columbus in 1813, but as the state's population grew, the earlier facility was not unable to handle the volume of prisoners sentenced by the courts. The Ohio Penitentiary in the nineteenth century reflected the common belief that prison was more for punishment than for rehabilitation. Conditions within the prison were primitive. Prisoners first slept on straw mattresses, although eventually beds were built. Food was very simple, usually consisting of cornbread, beans, and bacon. Prisoners were required to work in one of the prison industries, which made everything from harnesses and shoes to barrels and brooms. This image comes from a collection assembled in March 1929 by the F. & R. Lazarus Company to mark its 78th anniversary. The photographs and materials assembled in a scrapbook represented the origins and growth of Columbus since 1803. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: P92_B01_F04_58
Subjects: Columbus (Ohio)--History--19th century; Ohio Penitentiary (Columbus, Ohio); Ohio History--State and Local Government--Corrections; Prisoners and prisons;
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: This image is a view of Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery, Columbus, Ohio. Rows of headstones mark the soldiers' graves. Visible in the left center background is a bronze figure of a Confederate soldier standing atop a stone arch. The cemetery is located in a residential neighborhood. Organized in 1861, Camp Chase initially replaced Camp Jackson, located near Columbus, as a recruitment and training center for the Union Army. The facility was named after Salmon P. Chase, Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln and former governor of Ohio. However, Camp Chase became a prisoner-of-war camp early in the war. The first inmates at Camp Chase were chiefly political and military prisoners from Kentucky and Western Virginia allegedly loyal to the Confederacy. Union victories at Fort Donaldson, Tennessee, on Feb. 16, 1862, and at Mississippi River Island No. 10, on April 8, 1862, brought an influx of Confederate prisoners to Camp Chase, most of whom were enlisted men and non-commissioned officers. During 1863 the prison population at Camp Chase numbered 8,000 men, its peak. Like many prisons in the north, Camp Chase was ravaged by disease; during late 1864, a smallpox epidemic resulted in many deaths. During the course of the Civil War, more than two thousand Confederate prisoners died at Camp Chase. Initially, prison officials buried dead prisoners in a Columbus city cemetery. In 1863, however, the prison established its own cemetery. Remains were reinterred in the prison cemetery after its opening. Following the war, thirty-one Confederate bodies from Camp Dennison near Cincinnati were moved to the Camp Chase cemetery. The Union military closed Camp Chase at the end of the Civil War. Efforts to mark the graves of the Confederate dead within the cemetery began by the mid-1890s. Led by William H. Knauss, a wounded Union Army veteran, this movement succeeded in bringing together both Union and Confederate veterans’ organizations to pay tribute to those interred in the cemetery. Memorial services have been held at the cemetery every year since 1896. On June 7, 1902, a monument to the Confederate dead was erected at the cemetery. In 1904, Congress allocated funds for the maintenance of Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery. Most of what remains of Camp Chase today includes two acres of land, consisting primarily of the Confederate cemetery. Officially, the Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery contains an estimated 2,168 remains in 2,122 graves. Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery has two monuments. The first depicts a bronze figure of a Confederate Civil War soldier standing atop a granite arch, his rifle held vertically in front of him, with both hands resting on the top of the barrel. Originally the memorial consisted of a wooden arch inscribed with the word “AMERICANS,” but in 1902 the wooden arch was replaced with this 17' tall stone memorial. The second monument is a 3-foot-tall boulder underneath the stone arch. Installed in 1897, the boulder bears an inscription that reads: "2260 Confederate Soldiers of the war 1861-1865 buried in this enclosure." (This statistic disagrees with the official record.) The Camp Chase site, including the Confederate Cemetery, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06659
Subjects: Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery (Columbus, Ohio); Camp Chase (Ohio); Civil War; Cemeteries--Ohio; Civil War--Prisoners and prisons; National Register of Historic Places
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: "Scene at the Ohio Penitentiary, Columbus," illustration from "Historical Collections of Ohio" by Henry Howe, 1847. The view was taken within the inner enclosure of the penitentiary, and shows inmates and guards in the courtyard. The Ohio Penitentiary opened in Columbus in 1834 and continued to house prisoners until 1979. The state had built a small prison in Columbus in 1813, but as the state's population grew the earlier facility was not able to handle the number of prisoners sent to it by the courts. The Ohio Penitentiary in the nineteenth century reflected the common belief that prison was more for punishment than for rehabilitation. Conditions within the prison were primitive. Prisoners first slept on straw mattresses, although eventually beds were built. Food was very simple, usually consisting of cornbread, beans, and bacon. Prisoners were required to work in one of the prison industries, which made everything from harnesses and shoes to barrels and brooms. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04165
Subjects: Ohio Penitentiary (Columbus, Ohio); Ohio History--State and Local Government--Corrections; Prisons; Prisoners
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Johnson's Island, shown in an aerial here, was a military camp founded in 1862. Johnson's Island was a Union prison for Confederate officers during the American Civil War. It was located in Sandusky Bay of Lake Erie, near Sandusky, Ohio. The prison was built on this island for several reasons. Because of the island's isolated location, it would be very difficult for prisoners to escape. At the same time, the island was near several important Ohio cities and lines of road, rail and water transportation. It was relatively easy to acquire building supplies to construct the prison, as well as to secure food to feed the inmates. The prison at Johnson's Island opened in April 1862. It continued to house prisoners until September 1865. Estimates vary on the number of prisoners who spent time at Johnson's Island, but it is likely at least ten thousand men spent time there. Following the Civil War, federal officials sold the prison's buildings and land. Most of the island became farmland. By the 1950s, Johnson's Island became a residential community and a popular vacation spot. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06582
Subjects: Johnson's Island Prison Camp; Civil War--Prisoners and prisons; Lake Erie Islands (Ohio)
Places: Port Clinton (Ohio); Ottawa County (Ohio)
 

Description: Protestors gather on the steps at the Ohio Statehouse for a demonstration related to support of the "Lucasville Brothers," organized by the Ohio Prisoners' Labor Union on September 19. 1973. According to a related article, they hoped to bring attention to the 150 prisoners being held in solitary confinement since August at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility (referred to as the Lucasville Penitentiary) in Scioto County, Ohio. The prisoners were largely members of the OPLU, and the punishment was seen as an effort to discourage union participation. One man's sign reads, "Lucasville is a $35,000,000 Concentration Camp." This photograph was taken for publication in the Columbus Free Press newspaper. The Columbus Free Press began as a bi-weekly publication in Columbus, Ohio, in 1970. An underground newspaper, it replaced the Ohio State University publication The People, Yes. The earliest known issue of the newspaper appeared on January 4, 1971. The newspaper underwent a series of name changes over the decades, with titles including the Columbus Free Press & Cowtown Times (1972-1976), the Columbus Freepress (1976-1992) and The Free Press (1992-1995). The paper, which covered many liberal and progressive causes, was an alternative to mainstream news sources in central Ohio with the slogan “The Other Side of the News.” In 1995, the paper ceased publication briefly before reemerging as a website in early 1996, and returning as a print publication under the Free Press title in the form of a quarterly journal in 1998. Published under various frequencies during the first part of the 21st century, the Free Press again became a nonprofit monthly publication in 2017 with both a print and web presence, published by the Columbus Institute for Contemporary Journalism and operated by a volunteer staff and board. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS1301AV_B04F10_02
Subjects: Protests and protestors; Demonstrations; Activism; Prisoners and prisons; Correctional institutions -- Ohio; Labor unions
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Protestors gather on the steps at the Ohio Statehouse for a demonstration related to support of the "Lucasville Brothers," organized by the Ohio Prisoners' Labor Union on September 19. 1973. According to a related article, they hoped to bring attention to the 150 prisoners being held in solitary confinement since August at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility (referred to as the Lucasville Penitentiary) in Scioto County, Ohio. The prisoners were largely members of the OPLU, and the punishment was seen as an effort to discourage union participation. This photograph was taken for publication in the Columbus Free Press newspaper. The Columbus Free Press began as a bi-weekly publication in Columbus, Ohio, in 1970. An underground newspaper, it replaced the Ohio State University publication The People, Yes. The earliest known issue of the newspaper appeared on January 4, 1971. The newspaper underwent a series of name changes over the decades, with titles including the Columbus Free Press & Cowtown Times (1972-1976), the Columbus Freepress (1976-1992) and The Free Press (1992-1995). The paper, which covered many liberal and progressive causes, was an alternative to mainstream news sources in central Ohio with the slogan “The Other Side of the News.” In 1995, the paper ceased publication briefly before reemerging as a website in early 1996, and returning as a print publication under the Free Press title in the form of a quarterly journal in 1998. Published under various frequencies during the first part of the 21st century, the Free Press again became a nonprofit monthly publication in 2017 with both a print and web presence, published by the Columbus Institute for Contemporary Journalism and operated by a volunteer staff and board. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS1301AV_B04F10_01
Subjects: Protests and protestors; Demonstrations; Activism; Prisoners and prisons; Correctional institutions -- Ohio; Labor unions
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: View of Johnson's Island, while the American Civil War was happening this island was considered an ideal place to house POWs. Anyone kept there would have a hard time getting away from the place without any help because of the remote nature of the island. Despite this, Johnson's Island was in an ideal place for supply lines to reach. The prison was built without having much trouble if any getting the necessary materials for, and food was shipped in without issue. Even for the prisoners, life on Johnson's Island was not so bad, they were fed and they were treated relatively well as the prison was specifically made to house men of military rank who most often had rich relatives who were willing and able to send them extra money. This is in contrast to the atrocious conditions experienced in other facilities. The island became a part of a daring attempt to create chaos for the Union and force the Union army to divide its ranks and defend Ohio against an unexpected Confederate campaign. The audacious plot was thought up by Charles Cole and John Yates Beall. Cole managed to use his influence to win over Union officials in Sandusky and had a small number of Confederate soldiers become a part of the Union Army. The plan was for Beall to commandeer a civilian ship along with a number of Confederate soldiers. The plan was to use this civilian boat to take control of the Union ship stationed on Lake Erie. To successfully take control of the ship, Cole would eat dinner with the Union officers who would be drugged before Beall took control of the Union ship. The plot was foiled when Cole was found out as a spy, while Beall's men decided to revolt against him. In the end, Cole was arrested and put away, and Beall sentenced to death for his role in the scheme. The U.S. had no need for the island after the war, and eventually the island would be settled and used by civilians. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06733
Subjects: Civil War--Prisoners and prisons; Civil War 1861-1865; Erie, Lake; Erie County (Ohio)
Places: Sandusky (Ohio); Erie County (Ohio); Ohio
 

Description: Food on tables in the dining hall of the Ohio State Penitentiary. The Ohio State Penitentiary also known as the Ohio Penitentiary operated from 1834-1984 in downtown Columbus, Ohio. It was known for its poor conditions and at its peak in mid 1950s it housed more than 5000 prisoners. Some of its more famous inmates were General John H. Morgan, who famously escaped the prison during the Civil War, "Bugs" Moran, O. Henry, Chester Himes, and Sam Sheppard, whose story is said to have inspired the movie "The Fugitive." Until 1963 when death penalty was halted in the State of Ohio, it was a site of executions. In 1930 the prison experienced the deadliest prison fire in United States history as it killed 322 inmates and injured 150. For some time after the Ohio Penitentiary closed in 1984, the building was used as a training site by the Ohio National Guard and for Halloween festivities as "The Haunted Prison". It also served as the setting for the 1985 TV movie "Love on the Run.". The building was eventually sold by the state to the city of Columbus in 1995 and demolished in 1998. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07751
Subjects: Ohio History--State and Local Government--Law; Columbus (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.; Columbus (Ohio)--History--19th century; Columbus (Ohio)--History--20th century; Historic buildings--Ohio--Columbus; Historic sites Ohio; Prisons--Ohio; Prisoners; Capital punishment--Ohio--History
Places: Columbus (Ohio)
 

Description: Exterior view of the Ohio State Penitentiary. The Ohio State Penitentiary also known as the Ohio Penitentiary operated from 1834-1984 in downtown Columbus, Ohio. It was known for its poor conditions and at its peak in mid 1950s it housed more than 5000 prisoners. Some of its more famous inmates were General John H. Morgan, who famously escaped the prison during the Civil War, "Bugs" Moran, O. Henry, Chester Himes, and Sam Sheppard, whose story is said to have inspired the movie "The Fugitive." Until 1963 when death penalty was halted in the State of Ohio, it was a site of executions. In 1930 the prison experienced the deadliest prison fire in United States history as it killed 322 inmates and injured 150. For some time after the Ohio Penitentiary closed in 1984, the building was used as a training site by the Ohio National Guard and for Halloween festivities as "The Haunted Prison". It also served as the setting for the 1985 TV movie "Love on the Run.". The building was eventually sold by the state to the city of Columbus in 1995 and demolished in 1998. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07752
Subjects: Ohio History--State and Local Government; Columbus (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.; Columbus (Ohio)--History--19th century; Columbus (Ohio)--History--20th century; Historic buildings--Ohio--Columbus; Historic sites Ohio; Prisons--Ohio; Prisoners; Capital punishment--Ohio--History
Places: Columbus (Ohio)
 

Description: The hospital ward in the Ohio Penitentiary. The Ohio State Penitentiary also known as the Ohio Penitentiary operated from 1834-1984 in downtown Columbus, Ohio. It was known for its poor conditions and at its peak in mid 1950s it housed more than 5000 prisoners. Some of its more famous inmates were General John H. Morgan, who famously escaped the prison during the Civil War, "Bugs" Moran, O. Henry, Chester Himes, and Sam Sheppard, whose story is said to have inspired the movie "The Fugitive." Until 1963 when death penalty was halted in the State of Ohio, it was a site of executions. In 1930 the prison experienced the deadliest prison fire in United States history as it killed 322 inmates and injured 150. For some time after the Ohio Penitentiary closed in 1984, the building was used as a training site by the Ohio National Guard and for Halloween festivities as "The Haunted Prison". It also served as the setting for the 1985 TV movie "Love on the Run.". The building was eventually sold by the state to the city of Columbus in 1995 and demolished in 1998. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07753
Subjects: Ohio History--State and Local Government--Law; Columbus (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.; Columbus (Ohio)--History--19th century; Columbus (Ohio)--History--20th century; Historic buildings--Ohio--Columbus; Historic sites Ohio; Prisons--Ohio; Prisoners; Capital punishment--Ohio--History
Places: Columbus (Ohio)
 

Description: Illustration of "Johnson's Island, Sandusky Bay, Depot of Confederate Prisoners," from Henry Howe's "Historical Collection of Ohio," 1909. Johnson's Island, leased for $500 per year from Leonard B. Johnson during the Civil War, was the site of a prisoner of war camp for Confederate officers along the Lake Erie coast of Ohio. While it was the only Union prison camp exclusively for officers, there were regular soldiers there as well. During the war, approximately 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers were processed through the camp. It was guarded by the 128th Ohio Voluntary Infantry. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04257
Subjects: Civil War--Prisoners and prisons; Ohio History--Military Ohio; Johnson's Island Prison Camp
Places: Johnson's Island (Ohio); Sandusky (Ohio); Erie County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photograph of prisoners and guards in a dormitory at the London Prison Farm, August 23, 1950. Construction of the London Prison Farm began in the early 1920s. At that time, the institution was a branch unit of the Ohio Penitentiary. With completion in 1925 of its main building, the London Prison Farm was established as a separate correctional institution. It is now known as the London Correctional Institution. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04484
Subjects: Prisoners; Ohio History--State and Local Government--Corrections
Places: London (Ohio)