Description: Engraving published in London by T. Stackhouse in 1824. William Penn was born on October 14, 1644, in London, England. He was the founder of the Province of Pennsylvania after he had become a Quaker. The King of England granted Penn 45,000 square miles of land, making him the land owner of the largest tract of land in the world. He granted the land to Quakers and other persecuted religious people. William Penn returned to England. He died on July 30, 1715 near Twyford in Berkshire, England. President Ronald Reagan made William Penn an honorary citizen of the United States of America on November 28, 1984. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07937
Subjects: Quakers; Penn, William, 1644-1718; Entrepreneurship;
Places: London (England); Pennsylvania
 

Description: Photograph of C. Walder Parke and fellow navigator Paul B. Goscewski. Goscewski was stationed in Matching, England with the 391st Bombardment Group. Matching is located in Essex County, and Parke was stationed in Rougham, a town in the county just south of Essex. The 391st arrived in England in January of 1944 and stayed until September. The two men would have been in England at the same time and could have met there. This photograph was taken in the U.S., since Parke had permanently returned from England in 1944. During the month of April 1945, Parke completed a course at Ellington Field in Texas, and then returned to Lockbourne Air Force Base in Columbus, Ohio. Victory in Europe Day was declared less than a month later on May 8th, 1945. Charles Walder Parke was born on July 28, 1924, and grew up in Shaker Heights, Ohio. He enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces in 1942 intending to be a pilot during WWII, but spent most of his military career as a navigator on B-17 Flying Fortresses in the 94th Bombardment Group. Parke earned two Bronze Stars, an Air Medal with several Oak Leaf Clusters, and the Distinguished Flying Cross for his successful bombing missions, including some over Berlin. He is best known for being on board a B-17 which was shot down over France by German planes on June 25, 1944, during a non-combat mission. The crew managed to make an emergency landing, and everyone inside survived. After the war, Parke founded the Cleveland-based Laurel Industries Inc., which became a prominent supplier of antimony oxide to the plastics industry. He died of Lou-Gehrig’s Disease on September 15, 1996, at the age of 72. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS1510_B03F02_015
Subjects: Parke, Charles Walder, 1924-1996; Airmen; 391st Bombardment Group; United States Air Force; Military uniforms; Air pilots, Military
Places: England; Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: This is a photograph of a crayon drawing by Francis Place (1647-1728). Francis Place was an English gentleman, potter, engraver and print maker. In 1680 he became interested in art. William Penn was born on October 14, 1644 in London, England. He was the founder of the Province of Pennsylvania after he had become a Quaker. The King of England granted Penn 45,000 square miles of land, making him the land owner of the largest tract of land in the world. He granted the land to Quakers and other persecuted religious people. William Penn returned to England. He died on July 30, 1715 near Twyford in Berkshire, England President Ronald Reagan madeWilliam Penn an honorary citizen of the United States of America November 28, 1984. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07935
Subjects: Quakers; Drawings (visual works); Portraits; Artists; Penn, William, 1644-1718
 

Description: Program for a Shaker concert given at E. Meyers Hall in Fairfield County, Ohio, on October 20, 1848. The performers were from the Society of Shakers in New Gloucester, Maine. The program included lectures, singing and dancing, as well as appearances by Miss L.A. Palmer, Mr. William Palmer, and Mr. J. Adams. The Shakers were a religious group that originated in Great Britain around 1750, and who believed in celibacy, community, equality of the sexes, simplicity, and humility. They were originally known as "Shaking Quakers" because they commonly trembled in religious fervor during their services. Shakers arrived in America during the 1770s, and reached Ohio in 1805. They established several communities in the state, with the most successful ones at Lebanon and North Union (modern-day Shaker Heights). By 1846, more than four hundred Shakers called Lebanon home. The Shakers established typical communities in Ohio, making productive livings from their orchards, livestock, and other farming activities, as well as from their furniture-making endeavors. By 1900, Ohio's Shakers had virtually disappeared, mainly due to the lack of new converts. As their numbers declined, many Ohio Shakers moved to Shaker communities in other states. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02700
Subjects: Fairfield County (Ohio); Multicultural Ohio--Religion in Ohio; Dance--Religious aspects--Shakers; Concerts--United States--History--19th century
Places: Fairfield County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph gives an aerial view of the site on which Fort Gower was built in 1774. Located at the confluence of the Hocking and Ohio Rivers, the site is downstream from Hockingport, Ohio, in Athens County. England, in order to maintain control of its colonies and to protect Native American homelands, prohibited American colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains in the Proclamation of 1763. However, following the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768), white settlers immediately moved into the Ohio Country. Violence quickly began in the disputed area as the Native Americans, especially the Shawnee and Seneca-Cayuga, tried to drive the English colonists back to the east side of the Appalachian Mountains. In August 1774, Pennsylvania militia entered the Ohio Country and quickly destroyed seven villages of the Seneca-Cayuga Indians, which had been abandoned as the soldiers approached. At the same time, Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia Colony, sent one thousand men to the Little Kanawha River in modern-day West Virginia to build a fort and to attack the Shawnee. Cornstalk, a Shawnee leader, sent nearly one thousand warriors to drive Dunmore's force from the region. The two sides met on October 10, 1774, at what became known as the Battle of Point Pleasant. After several hours of intense fighting, the English drove Cornstalk's followers north of the Ohio River. Dunmore, with a large force of his own, followed the Shawnees across the river into the Ohio Country. Upon nearing the Shawnee villages on the Pickaway Plains north of modern-day Chillicothe, and near what is now Circleville, Ohio, Dunmore stopped. From his encampment named Camp Charlotte, Dunmore requested that the Shawnee come to him and discuss a peace treaty. As a result of this war, some Shawnee Indians agreed to the terms of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) and promised to give up some of their lands east and south of the Ohio River. This was the first time that some of the natives who actually lived in the Ohio Country agreed to relinquish some of their land. This military campaign came to be known as Lord Dunmore's War. As Dunmore's soldiers were returning to Virginia, they stopped where the Hocking River joins the Ohio River. There the soldiers built Fort Gower. While the men were building the fort, they learned that the First Continental Congress had ordered the boycott of any goods from England as a response to the Coercive Acts, including the Quebec Act, which England issued in 1774. Most of the soldiers agreed with the action of the Continental Congress. The men recorded their sentiments in a document known as the Fort Gower Resolutions, officially recorded on November 5, 1774. The Virginians wrote the Fort Gower Resolutions for a number of reasons. Chief among them was England's policy on the Ohio Country. Many people living east of the Appalachian Mountains looked at the Ohio Country as a place to start a new life in a new land. The Fort Gower Resolutions were an expression of the increasing spirit of American independence as the American Revolution was about to begin. The resolutions reads: “Resolved, that we will bear the most faithful allegiance to His Majesty, King George the Third, whilst His Majesty delights to reign over a brave and free people; that we will, at the expense of life, and everything dear and valuable, exert ourselves in support of his crown, and the dignity of the British Empire. But as the love of liberty, and attachment to the real interests and just rights of America outweigh every other consideration, we resolve that we will exert every power within us for the defense of American liberty, and for the support of her just rights and privileges; not on any precipitate, riotous or tumultuous voice of our countrymen. Signed by order and in behalf of the whole corps. Benjamin Ashby, Clerk." View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07008
Subjects: Athens County (Ohio); Forts & fortifications; Lord Dunmore's War, 1774; Cornstalk, Shawnee chief, 1720?-1777; American Indians in Ohio
Places: Hockingport (Ohio); Athens County (Ohio)
 

Description: Illustration of a meeting held by the Union and Emancipation Society at Exeter Hall in London, England, published in Harper's Weekly. The Union and Emancipation Society was an anti-slavery, pro-Union organization in England that supported the Union and the abolitionist movement in the United States during the Civil War. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: NAM_OVS25A-D_006
Subjects: Abolition; Civil War 1861-1865; Emancipation of slaves; Slavery
Places: London (England)
 

Description: First portrait to be labelled George Fox. It was engraved and published in 1799. When the National Portrait Gallery examined the engraving in 1932, they said the painting from which it was made was probably done in the latter part of the 18th century. George Fox, born in England in July of 1624 was an English dissenter of religion and politics. He became the founder of the Society of Friends. He died on January 13, 1691 and was buried in the Nonconformists' burying ground at Bunhill Fields in London, England. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07934
Subjects: Portraits; Quakers; Society of Friends;
Places: London (England)
 

Description: Taken from an engraving that is the earliest published portrait of William Penn. Drawn in 1770 in Phladelphia. He was the founder of the Province of Pennsylvania after he had become a Quaker. The King of England granted Penn 45,000 square miles of land, making him the land owner of the largest tract of land in the world. He granted the land to Quakers and other persecuted religious people. William Penn returned to England. He died on July 30, 1715 near Twyford in Berkshire, England. President Ronald Reagan made William Penn an honorary citizen of the United States of America on November 28, 1984. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07936
Subjects: Quakers; Drawings (visual works); Portraits; Artists; Penn, William, 1644-1718
Places: Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)
 

Description: Cabinet card photograph showing a man pictured with his own head on a platter, taken in Windsor, Great Britain, ca. 1880. The back of the photograph identifies the creator as W. Runicles, a photographic artist with a studio at 7 High St., Eton, in Windsor (the two are twin towns in southeastern England). The image was likely created by taking two separate exposures of the seated man, possibly Runicles himself, holding a plate. Taking the two negative images, one head was cut out and placed over the plate while the original head was painted over, then the altered negative was developed. Runicles likely created the image as a show of skill and advertisement for his studio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: P332_B1_F3_1_1
Subjects: Photography--History; Trick photography; Portraits;
Places: Windsor (England); Eton (England)
 

Description: Stevengraph portrait of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison (1833-1901). This item was sold for only a short period and is consequently very rare. Weaver Thomas Stevens of Coventry, England, invented the woven-silk pictures, which he called “stevengraphs.” His company first produced woven-silk bookmarks in 1862. Coventry, England, was the heart of a ribbon-weaving industry during the mid-19th century. Stevengraphs were made using a jacquard loom in which mechanically operated devices wove intricate, three-dimensional patterns in silk. The design was actually part of the fabric, not a painted or dyed image. This ribbon features a bust of Benjamin Harrison, a shield and flags with the Stars and Stripes, and a reproduction of Harrison's signature. A fringe runs along the bottom border. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05912
Subjects: Stevengraph pure silk woven pictures; Jacquard weaving; Stevens, Thomas, 1828-1888; Decorative arts
Places: Coventry (England)
 

Description: Trade label from the stevengraph image " The Good Old Days," was manufactured by the Thomas Stevens Company, Coventry, England. The label includes an image of the Stevens factory and a row of medals. A handwritten notation in the upper left corner reads: "From Annette P. Ward, Oct. 1913." Thomas Stevens, a Coventry weaver, invented the woven-silk pictures he called “stevengraphs.” These images were made using a jacquard loom in which mechanically operated devices wove intricate, three-dimensional patterns in silk. The image actually was part of the fabric (as opposed to being painted or dyed on the surface). The printed trade label pasted on the back of a stevengraph helps to identify the age of the piece and the authenticity of the subject. Stevengraph labels list subjects for sale; prize medals and diplomas awarded to Thomas Stevens; the company's address; and trade marks used by the company. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL05915
Subjects: Labels--Catalogs; Stevengraph pure silk woven pictures; Jacquard weaving; Stevens, Thomas, 1828-1888; Decorative arts
Places: Coventry (England)
 

Description: Portrait of Birdie Schmidt (later Birdie Schmidt Larrick) painted by Arthur Olsen, who was the artist of the portrait on the "Birdie Schmidt" ARC B-24 Liberator. During World War II, Columbus native Birdie Schmidt Larrick (1919-2009) became the only woman serving in the Red Cross to have an American bomber named after her. In early December 1943, Birdie traveled to the Air Base in Wendling, England, as program director of the American Red Cross (ARC) Aero Club. Also stationed in Wendling was the 392nd Bombardment Group (BG), which moved to the base in August 1943 and was assigned to the 8th Air Force. As program director, and later as director, Birdie’s responsibilities included managing the Aero Club staff, organizing programs and events for the enlisted men and officers, and managing the club's supplies for soldiers. Because of her popularity among the men at the base, the 392nd named a B-24 Liberator the “Birdie Schmidt ARC” in her honor. A portrait of Birdie’s face was painted on one side of the bomber with the symbol for the Red Cross on the other. The plane flew missions from August 1944 until it was shot down in February 1945. That same year, Birdie joined the ARC Cinemobile and performed with the 7th Army Special Service Shows before returning home in November of 1945. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS1528_B01F04_01
Subjects: World War, 1939-1945--Women; American Red Cross; United States Air Force; Military aircraft;
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio); Wendling (England)