Description: This view of the garden pond of the Yugoslav Cultural Garden in Cleveland was taken by I.T. Frary. The garden consists of a circular fountain and pool in the center of a paved court. At the lower level is a natural amphitheater formed by trees. The Yugoslav population in Cleveland is largely represented by three ethnic groups: Croatians, Slovenes, and Serbs. Croatian immigration to Cleveland was largely due to the hostile political and economic conditions under Austria-Hungary and both royal and Communist Yugoslavia. Slovenes, a southern Slavic people, immigrated to Cleveland to find work, initially in the steel industry. Yugoslav immigrants were largely poor peasants and political refugees. Serbs arrived in Cleveland mainly before World War I and after World War II. The group consistently maintained a sense of strong ethnic identity and did not quickly assimilate into American culture. The Cleveland Cultural Gardens, located along East Boulevard and Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, are landscaped gardens with statuary honoring Cleveland's ethnic groups. During the dedication of the Shakespeare Garden in 1916, it was decided that similar sites should be prepared for each of the city's ethnic communities. The first of these gardens, the Hebrew garden, was established in 1926. On May 9, 1927 the city set aside areas of Rockefeller Park for future gardens. The Italian, German, Lithuanian, Slovak, and Ukrainian gardens were established in 1930; the Polish, Hungarian, Czech, and Yugoslav gardens in 1934; and the American, Russian, Irish, Greek, and Syrian gardens in 1938. Romanian, Estonian, Afro-American, Chinese, Finnish, and Indian gardens have since been created. Planning and fundraising for each garden was undertaken within the ethnic communities, while the Cleveland Cultural Garden Federation (established in 1925) oversaw planning and coordinated various joint programs. The photographs were taken by Ihna Thayer Frary. The Ihna Thayer Frary Audiovisual Collection was given to the Ohio Historical Society by Mr. Frary in two sections. One was in March of 1963 and the remainder in May of 1965 by his sons, Dr. Spencer G. and Allen T. Frary following their father's death. I.T. Frary (1873-1965) was the publicity and membership secretary for the Museum of Art in Cleveland, Ohio. He taught for many years at the Cleveland Institute of Art and Western Reserve University's School of Architecture. He did much research of Ohio and American architecture and was the author of seven major works and numerous scholarly articles on architectural and art history. One of his major works was Early Homes of Ohio published in 1936. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3355_5837581_1
Subjects: Immigration and Ethnic Heritage; Architecture; Arts and Entertainment; Plants and Animals; Gardens; Sculptures, Yugoslav Americans
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph depicts immigrants at a community hall Americanization class conducted by Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AC2_YHCIL_MSS0140_B05F74_002
Subjects: Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company; Steel industry; Americanization; Immigration
 

Description: This photograph depicts immigrants at an Americanization class conducted by Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AC2_YHCIL_MSS0140_B05F74_004
Subjects: Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company; Steel industry; Americanization; Immigration
 

Description: This handmade two-wheeled cart used for sharpening knives and scissors was made in Chicago, Illinois, around 1910. The wooden frame is painted green and sits on two red wheels. Two handles at one end have a striped cloth seat between them. The top of the machine has several grinding stones on a metal rod. Wrapped around the rod is a belt attached to a large wheel in the center of the cart, which is operated by several foot pedals at the base. The cart was originally owned by Vincenzo Fabrizio, an Italian immigrant in Chicago. Fabrizio arranged for his nephew, Florindo DiPinto, to immigrate to the United States in 1913 when DiPinto was 17 years old. DiPinto learned the sharpening and grinding craft from his uncle on this cart. With this grinding cart, DiPinto sharpened such things as razors, knives, scissors, swords, saws, hedge trimmers and lawnmower blades. After a year, DiPinto purchased this cart from his uncle. In 1917, DiPinto moved to Youngstown from Chicago with this sharpening machine and pursued his trade there. In 1927, DiPinto moved to Cleveland with this machine and stayed active with it until his retirement in 1961. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: H43618_01
Subjects: Multicultural Ohio--Ethnic Communities; Immigrants--Ohio; Tools; Immigration and Ethnic Heritage;
Places: Youngstown (Ohio); Mahoning County (Ohio); Cleveland (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio)
 

Description: The first photograph shows workers in Marlboro, Ohio making cheese. The aging cheese wheels are being stored in a cool cellar in the second photograph. Holmes, Tuscarawas, and Stark counties became known for their Swiss and Baby Swiss cheeses, many made by local Amish and Swiss immigrants. By the end of the twentieth century, Ohio was the second largest cheese-manufacturing state, trailing only Wisconsin. The photographs measure 8" x 10" (20.32 x 25.4 cm). View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3082_3675620_001
Subjects: Business and Labor; Agriculture; Immigration and Ethnic Heritage; Cheese; Dairy products; Employees
Places: Marlboro (Ohio); Stark County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph depicts immigrants at an Americanization class conducted by the Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company at one of the company's Community Halls. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AC2_YHCIL_MSS0140_B05F74_005
Subjects: Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company; Steel industry; Americanization; Immigration
 

Description: This map shows the immigrant and African American communities in Cleveland in 1915. Ethnic groups represented at the time were Czechoslovakian, Finnish, German, Greek and Syrian, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Jewish, Lithuanian, Polish, Rumanian, Russian, Yugoslav and African American. The most substantial and diverse migration to Cleveland occurred between 1870 and 1914, and included many Southern and Eastern Europeans. This large exodus was fostered by shortages of land in the home countries, more liberal emigration policies, increased military conscription, and, particularly for those of Jewish descent, persecution. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MAPVFM47_8
Subjects: Immigrants--Ohio; Immigration and Ethnic Heritage; Multicultural Ohio--Ethnic Communities
Places: Cleveland (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio)
 

Description: This 4 by 5.5-inch (10.16 by 13.97 cm) portrait of brewer Felix Steinle appeared in A Portrait and Biographical Record of Allen and Van Wert Counties, Ohio, published by A. W. Bowen of Chicago in 1896. The volume is 909 pages long and measures 8 by 10.5 inches (20.32 by 26.67 cm). Steinle was born in 1847 in Baden, Germany, where he learned the beer brewer's trade. After coming to the United States in 1868, he lived in Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. In the late 1870s, he established the Fremont Brewing Company. In 1883, he purchased the Delphos Brewing Company in Delphos. He reorganized and purchased new equipment to increase the brewery's output and produce ice. In 1896, the company produced 7,000 barrels of beer and 3,600 tons of ice. During Prohibition, the company stopped producing beer, but sold ice and non-alcoholic beverages. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om580_876000_001
Subjects: Business and Labor; Immigration and Ethnic Heritage; Brewing industry; Ice industry
Places: Delphos (Ohio); Allen County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph shows a street sign in Akron, Ohio, which reads "Don't Jaywalk, You May Live Longer" in English, Italian, and German. This photograph is one of the many visual materials collected for use in the Ohio Guide. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Works Progress Administration by executive order to create jobs for the large numbers of unemployed laborers, as well as artists, musicians, actors, and writers. The Federal Arts Program, a sector of the Works Progress Administration, included the Federal Writers’ Project, one of the primary goals of which was to complete the America Guide series, a series of guidebooks for each state which included state history, art, architecture, music, literature, and points of interest to the major cities and tours throughout the state. Work on the Ohio Guide began in 1935 with the publication of several pamphlets and brochures. The Reorganization Act of 1939 consolidated the Works Progress Administration and other agencies into the Federal Works Administration, and the Federal Writers’ Project became the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio. The final product was published in 1940 and went through several editions. The Ohio Guide Collection consists of 4,769 photographs collected for use in Ohio Guide and other publications of the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio from 1935-1939. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B01F02_012_001
Subjects: Signs (Notices); Traffic signs and signals; Akron (Ohio)--Social life and customs; Ohio--Emigration and immigration--History
Places: Akron (Ohio); Summit County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph shows the Hebrew Cultural Garden, which was dedicated in 1926 in Cleveland, Ohio. The dedication coincided with the visit of poet Chime Nichimen Bialy. The garden symbolizes the Star of David. In the center of the garden is a marble fountain on seven marble pillars, representing the seven pillars of wisdom. The photograph is 2" x 2" (5.08 x 5.08 cm). The Cleveland Cultural Gardens, located along East Boulevard and Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, are landscaped gardens with statuary honoring Cleveland's ethnic groups. During the dedication of the Shakespeare Garden in 1916, it was decided that similar sites should be prepared for each of the city's ethnic communities. The first of these gardens, the Hebrew garden, was established in 1926. On May 9, 1927 the city set aside areas of Rockefeller Park for future gardens. The Italian, German, Lithuanian, Slovak, and Ukrainian gardens were established in 1930; the Polish, Hungarian, Czech, and Yugoslav gardens in 1934; and the American, Russian, Irish, Greek, and Syrian gardens in 1938. Romanian, Estonian, Afro-American, Chinese, Finnish, and Indian gardens have since been created. Planning and fundraising for each garden was undertaken within the ethnic communities, while the Cleveland Cultural Garden Federation (established in 1925) oversaw planning and coordinated various joint programs. The Ihna Thayer Frary Audiovisual Collection was given to the Ohio Historical Society by Frary in two sections. One was in March of 1963 and the remainder in May of 1965 by his sons, Dr. Spencer G. and Allen T. Frary following their father's death. I.T. Frary (1873-1965) was the publicity and membership secretary for the Museum of Art in Cleveland, Ohio. He taught for many years at the Cleveland Institute of Art and Western Reserve University's School of Architecture. He did much research of Ohio and American architecture and was the author of seven major works and numerous scholarly articles on architectural and art history. One of his major works was Early Homes of Ohio published in 1936. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: Om3356_5987235_001
Subjects: Immigration and Ethnic Heritage; Arts and Entertainment; Architecture; Plants and Animals; Gardens; Jews-United States
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Photographic reproduction of a portrait depicting John and Mariah Marzetti and their children, Joseph, Mary, John, Edward and Ella, of Columbus, Ohio, ca. 1885-1886. John Marzetti (1836-1899) immigrated to Ohio from Lucca, Tuscany, Italy, and arrived in Columbus in 1861. According to "A Centennial History of Columbus and Franklin County, Ohio," Marzetti made his fortune as a fruit vendor in downtown Columbus before investing in real estate and becoming a major figure in the city during the second half of the 19th century. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02906
Subjects: Family; Other--Family History; Immigration and Ethnic Heritage; Columbus (Ohio)--History--19th century
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Map of southeast Nebraska, 1871. Shows the location of 1,500,000 acres of land granted by the U.S. to the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Co., and for sale to immigrants for $2.50 to $10 an acre. From "Handbook for Immigrants to the United States," prepared by the American Social Science Association, 1871. Completed, proposed and in-progress railroads are designated on the map. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL04252
Subjects: Maps--Nebraska; Other--Non Ohio; Immigration and Ethnic Heritage
Places: Nebraska