Description: This is a photo of a student at the Ohio State School for the Blind touching a model of an artesian well to develop a mental image. The model incorporates pipes for the well and shows the different series of rock. Reverse reads: “ARTESIAN WELL – Artesian well is a well formed by boring or drilling into a layer of porous rock or earth, which brings water from some higher point. Such a layer or stratum lying between two impervious layers of rock or clay is shown in the model. The rain falls upon it, where it is exposed, and seems inward, prevented by the harder rock below from going directly down. If a well is bored at any point between outcropping ends, water will be forced into it, perhaps flowing freely at the surface according to the principles explained by the lower half of the model. The name artesian was formerly restricted to flowing wells, and is derived from the province of Artois, Frank, where this type of well was first popular. Most artesian wells supply pure drinking water, excellent for domestic purposes, and for stock, though often containing minerals. They are common in many regions, where surface water of good quality is not easily obtained. In recent years, a large number of them have been bored in states east of the Appalachian Mountains and many cities now obtain their supply of water from them. They are also used extensively for irrigation. Some wells are very deep. One in Pittsburgh, Pa., is 4,625 feet and one in Galveston, Texas is over 3000 feet deppt. The deepest well in the world, at Leipzig, Germany, has a depth of 5735 feet. --- THE WORLD BOOK---“ “When several wells are bored in the same vicinity, the flow from each may be diminished, but the total discharge will increase until the limits of supply is reached. This well illustrated in the wells bored in the London basin which in 1838 gave a total daily supply of 6,000,000 gallons; in 1881 with a larger number of borings, the supply was about doubled while the force had diminished very markedly; also, in Denver, Colorado, where some years ago there were many flowing wells, which yielded water in large volume and with sufficient hear to rise to the upper floors of the buildings. As wells multiplied, the head and volume decreased so that in 1916 all wells in the center of the city had to be pumped and artesian water was available only in the lower parts of some of the surrounding country. The depth at which artesian water may be found, depends entirely upon local conditions. In the Paris basin the water bearing stratum is usually encountered at a depth exceeding 1500 feet. The famous well at Grenelle, near Paris was begun in 1833 and operations were continued until 1841, when, at a depth of 1797 feet, the water poured out with great force at the rate of 800,000 gallons per day. Another noted foreign well is that at Schladenbach near Leipzig with a depth of 5735 feet. In the United States, there are many notable examples of artesian wells. The first boring of great depth was made in St. Louis in 1849-54; a flow of 75 gallons per minute was obtained from a depth of 2200 feet. A well at Louisville Kentucky, in 2066 feet deep yields 330,000 gallons per day. Among other noteworthy wells are the following: Columbus, Ohio 2775 feet; Galveston, Texas, 3071 feet; Charleston, South Carolina, 1250 feet; Pittsburgh, Pa., 4625 feet; Chicago, 710 feet; and Edgemont, South Dakota, where two wells (2965 feet each) yield flows of 1,000,000 gallons a day at a temperature of 100°. The cost of sinking artesian wells varies with the depth mf and the character of the strata encountered. Up to 500 feet ex the cost commonly ranges from $3.00 to $6.00 per feet but below this limit the cost increases in proportion to the depth. The apparatus used in boring does not differ from that employed in sinking for petroleum. The first artesian borings were probably made by the Chinese. In the upper basin of the Yangtae Kiang there are wells 1500 to 3000 feet in depth from which brine for salt manufacture is obtained. This industry has been carried on since a very early period and is an illustration of the comparatively advanced state of progress attained by this people long before the Western nations had developed the mechanical arts beyond the crude stage. ---The Americana---“ View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B11F04_29_001
Subjects: United States. Work Projects Administration; Blind--Education--Ohio; Ohio State School for the Blind; Models and modelmaking; Water wells
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Engraved portrait depicting William Wells Brown (1815-1884), who was a fugitive slave born in Kentucky. He was given that name by a Quaker agent on the Underground Railroad. The image was collected by Ohio State University professor Wilbur H. Siebert (1866-1961). Siebert began researching the Underground Railroad in the 1890s as a way to interest his students in history. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL03004
Subjects: Brown, W. Wells (William Wells), 1814?-1884; Fugitive slaves--Ohio--History; Siebert, Wilbur Henry, 1866-1961; Underground Railroad--Ohio
Places: Cleveland (Ohio); Cuyahoga County (Ohio)
 

Description: Dated ca. 1930-1939, this photograph shows pipes for an artesian well with a note on its reverse which reads “Pipes for artesian well. Shows the different series of rock. 1) Top Soil 2) Sub Soil 3) Lime stone 4) Shale 5) Sandstone 6) Shale 7) Limestone 8) Granite. Cachment at end of pipe near sandstone.” Many farms and isolated houses in the 1930s depended on their own artesian wells for water. An artesian well is a deep drilled well through which water is forced upward under pressure. The water in an artesian well flows from an aquifer, which is under a layer of porous rock or sediment. This accumulated water has hydrostatic pressure and force which results in the water rising from the ground at the bottom of the hill or higher area. This photograph is one of the many visual materials collected for use in the Ohio Guide. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Works Progress Administration by executive order to create jobs for the large numbers of unemployed laborers, as well as artists, musicians, actors, and writers. The Federal Arts Program, a sector of the Works Progress Administration, included the Federal Writers’ Project, one of the primary goals of which was to complete the America Guide series, a series of guidebooks for each state which included state history, art, architecture, music, literature, and points of interest to the major cities and tours throughout the state. Work on the Ohio Guide began in 1935 with the publication of several pamphlets and brochures. The Reorganization Act of 1939 consolidated the Works Progress Administration and other agencies into the Federal Works Administration, and the Federal Writers’ Project became the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio. The final product was published in 1940 and went through several editions. The Ohio Guide Collection consists of 4,769 photographs collected for use in Ohio Guide and other publications of the Federal Writers’ Project in Ohio from 1935-1939. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B11F04_14_001
Subjects: Water wells; Artesian wells; Rural life; Federal Writers' Project
Places: Ohio
 

Description: Mottled pink and reddish brown flint point of the Lowe expanding-stem type is long and narrow with a lenticular cross section. It has shallow corner notches and an expanding base that is flat. Item was excavated from Wells Mound in Licking County, Ohio. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07306
Subjects: Wells Mound (Licking County, Ohio); Ohio History--Natural and Native Ohio; Archaeology; Hopewell Culture (A.D. 1-400) (A.D. 1–400)
Places: Licking County (Ohio)
 

Description: In 1898, a prolific oil pool was discovered. The town of approximately 900 people grew to 12,000 in about two years as about 1,000 oil wells were drilled. The local college attendance dropped from 300 students to 25, as the students rushed to the oil field for jobs. The oil boom lasted for about two years and town decreased to the previous size. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07625
Subjects: Oil fields--Ohio; Oil wells; Oil industry; Harrison County (Ohio)
 

Description: Drilling well at the shelter house. The well driller arrived at the site with equipment on September 6, 1934. Drilling started where designated and stopped on September 14, 1934 at noon, at a depth of seventy-three feet. The report states that good water was found, clear and free of sulfur. The photo was taken as part of Project No. 31c, Wells and Water Holes. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: 3076_89_11_sep34_b9_04
Subjects: Civilian Conservation Corps (U.S.); New Deal, 1933-1939; Fort Hill State Memorial (Ohio); Wells
Places: Hillsboro (Ohio); Highland County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph showing a family posed on the porch and balcony of a two-story home with oil derricks in the distance was taken by traveling photographer Albert J. Ewing, ca. 1896-1912. Like most of Ewing's work, it was taken in the region of southeastern Ohio and central West Virginia. Written on the negative is the name Joe E. Snider of Big Springs, West Virginia. Born in 1870 in Washington County, Ohio, near Marietta, Ewing most likely began his photography career in the 1890s. The 1910 US Census and a 1912-1913 directory list him as a photographer. A negative signed "Ewing Brothers" and a picture with his younger brother, Frank, indicate that Frank may have joined the business. After 1916, directories list Albert as a salesman. He died in 1934. The Ewing Collection consists of 5,055 glass plate negatives, each individually housed and numbered. Additionally, the collection includes approximately 450 modern contact prints made from the glass plate negatives. Subjects include infants and young children, elderly people, families, school and religious groups, animals and rural scenes. In 1982, the Ohio Historical Society (now the Ohio History Connection) received the collection, still housed in the original dry plate negative boxes purchased by Ewing. A selection of the original glass plate negatives were exhibited for the first time in 2013 at the Ohio History Center. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV71_B24_F2110
Subjects: Ewing, Albert J. (1870-1934); Photographers--Ohio; Portrait photography--United States--History; Houses; Oil wells;
Places: Big Springs (West Virginia)
 

Description: Photograph of what appears to be an oil drilling site. This photograph was taken by traveling photographer Albert J. Ewing, ca. 1896-1912. Born in 1870 in Washington County, Ohio, near Marietta, Ewing most likely began his photography career in the 1890s. The 1910 US Census and a 1912-1913 directory list him as a photographer. A negative signed "Ewing Brothers" and a picture with his younger brother, Frank, indicate that Frank may have joined the business. After 1916, directories list Albert as a salesman. He died in 1934. The Ewing Collection consists of 5,055 glass plate negatives, each individually housed and numbered. Additionally, the collection includes approximately 450 modern contact prints made from the glass plate negatives. Subjects include infants and young children, elderly people, families, school and religious groups, animals and rural scenes. In 1982, the Ohio Historical Society received the collection, still housed in the original dry plate negative boxes purchased by Albert J. Ewing. A selection of the original glass plate negatives were exhibited for the first time in 2013 at the Ohio Historical Center. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV71_b09_f550
Subjects: Ewing, Albert J. (1870-1934); Laborers; Animals; Oil wells
Places: Ohio; West Virginia
 

Description: A photo of a completed well shelter a part of Project No. 23a, Public Campground Buildings View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: 3076_89_11_sep34_b9_09
Subjects: Civilian Conservation Corps (U.S.); New Deal, 1933-1939; Fort Hill State Memorial (Ohio); Wells
Places: Hillsboro (Ohio); Highland County (Ohio)
 

Description: A photo of a completed well shelter taken as part of Project No. 23b, Public Campground Buildings. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: 3076_89_11_sep34_b9_10
Subjects: Civilian Conservation Corps (U.S.); New Deal, 1933-1939; Fort Hill State Memorial (Ohio); Wells
Places: Hillsboro (Ohio); Highland County (Ohio)
 

Description: This photograph of three young men near an oil well was taken by traveling photographer Albert J. Ewing, ca. 1896-1912. Like most of Ewing's work, it was likely taken in southeastern Ohio or central West Virginia. Born in 1870 in Washington County, Ohio, near Marietta, Ewing most likely began his photography career in the 1890s. The 1910 US Census and a 1912-1913 directory list him as a photographer. A negative signed "Ewing Brothers" and a picture with his younger brother, Frank, indicate that Frank may have joined the business. After 1916, directories list Albert as a salesman. He died in 1934. The Ewing Collection consists of 5,055 glass plate negatives, each individually housed and numbered. Additionally, the collection includes approximately 450 modern contact prints made from the glass plate negatives. Subjects include infants and young children, elderly people, families, school and religious groups, animals and rural scenes. In 1982, the Ohio Historical Society received the collection, still housed in the original dry plate negative boxes purchased by Albert J. Ewing. A selection of the original glass plate negatives were exhibited for the first time in 2013 at the Ohio Historical Center. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AV71_B10_F568
Subjects: Ewing, Albert J. (1870-1934); Portrait photography--United States--History; Oil wells;
Places: Ohio; West Virginia
 

Description: Seen in this photo is an old water well. It may be near Franklinton. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B10F04_027_001
Subjects: Water wells
Places: Ohio